ADM 2303 - Assignment 1
1. COVID CBC Data Analysis
a.
Who:
- Black people, other racialized people of color, and those in lower income
households
- Organizations such as Toronto’s Medical Officer of Health, the mayor, Toronto
Public health/health agency
What:
- Covid-19 affecting more racialized communities and low-income households
- Underrepresentation of white and east Asian communities in Covid-19 cases
When:
- May 20, 2020, to July 16, 2020, for data collection
- Start of data collection 3 months after Toronto reported its first Covid-19 case
Where:
- Toronto, Canada
- Focus on marginalized communities in the city
Why:
- Existing health inequalities in marginalized groups increased by the pandemic
- Larger and low-income households have higher risks of exposure and transmission
of the virus
- Systemic inequalities like poverty, lack of access to nutritious foods, poor housing
impact racialized communities
How:
- Surveys completed by Covid-19 patients
- Excluding indigenous people and long-term care/retirement home residents
- Target testing, better communication, isolation supports, improve affordable
housing, education opportunities
b.
, i) The green bars represent the marginal frequencies of the population of each racial
group in Toronto. It shows the proportion of Toronto’s population across different
racial groups.
ii) The black bars represent the conditional frequencies of Covid-19 cases within each
racial group in Toronto. They describe the number of Covid-19 cases confirmed by
each group.
iii) From this plot, we can determine that Covid-19 cases and race are not
independent. If they were independent, the proportion of Covid-19 cases for each
group should match their representation in general population (black bar vs. green
bar). There are significant disparities between the two bars on the graph for several
racial groups. Black, Arab/Middle eastern/West Asian groups are overrepresented,
while East Asian/White groups are underrepresented.
Covid-19 cases and race are not disjoint because individuals can belong to a racial
group and be affected by Covid-19. This means that these events overlap and are
not exclusive.
c.
Covid-19 case Not Covid-19 case Total
Southeast Asian 0.17 -0.10 0.07
Other races 0.66 0.27 0.93
Total 0.83 0.17 1
(Can there even be a negative? )
2. Death by Police (USA)
a. The numerator is the probability of an individual from a specific racial group being
killed by the police force, whereas the denominator is the probability of a white
individual being killed by the police force. Both the numerator and denominator are
empirical conditional probabilities, because they reflect real-world
occurrences/data and are conditioned on race and sex.
MRR = P (death by police | African American)/ P (death by police | White)
b. If death by police were independent of race, the morality rate ratio for African
Americans relative to Whites should be 1. Independence means that the probability
of death by police does not depend on race.
MRR = P (death by police | African American)/ P (death by police | White)
1. COVID CBC Data Analysis
a.
Who:
- Black people, other racialized people of color, and those in lower income
households
- Organizations such as Toronto’s Medical Officer of Health, the mayor, Toronto
Public health/health agency
What:
- Covid-19 affecting more racialized communities and low-income households
- Underrepresentation of white and east Asian communities in Covid-19 cases
When:
- May 20, 2020, to July 16, 2020, for data collection
- Start of data collection 3 months after Toronto reported its first Covid-19 case
Where:
- Toronto, Canada
- Focus on marginalized communities in the city
Why:
- Existing health inequalities in marginalized groups increased by the pandemic
- Larger and low-income households have higher risks of exposure and transmission
of the virus
- Systemic inequalities like poverty, lack of access to nutritious foods, poor housing
impact racialized communities
How:
- Surveys completed by Covid-19 patients
- Excluding indigenous people and long-term care/retirement home residents
- Target testing, better communication, isolation supports, improve affordable
housing, education opportunities
b.
, i) The green bars represent the marginal frequencies of the population of each racial
group in Toronto. It shows the proportion of Toronto’s population across different
racial groups.
ii) The black bars represent the conditional frequencies of Covid-19 cases within each
racial group in Toronto. They describe the number of Covid-19 cases confirmed by
each group.
iii) From this plot, we can determine that Covid-19 cases and race are not
independent. If they were independent, the proportion of Covid-19 cases for each
group should match their representation in general population (black bar vs. green
bar). There are significant disparities between the two bars on the graph for several
racial groups. Black, Arab/Middle eastern/West Asian groups are overrepresented,
while East Asian/White groups are underrepresented.
Covid-19 cases and race are not disjoint because individuals can belong to a racial
group and be affected by Covid-19. This means that these events overlap and are
not exclusive.
c.
Covid-19 case Not Covid-19 case Total
Southeast Asian 0.17 -0.10 0.07
Other races 0.66 0.27 0.93
Total 0.83 0.17 1
(Can there even be a negative? )
2. Death by Police (USA)
a. The numerator is the probability of an individual from a specific racial group being
killed by the police force, whereas the denominator is the probability of a white
individual being killed by the police force. Both the numerator and denominator are
empirical conditional probabilities, because they reflect real-world
occurrences/data and are conditioned on race and sex.
MRR = P (death by police | African American)/ P (death by police | White)
b. If death by police were independent of race, the morality rate ratio for African
Americans relative to Whites should be 1. Independence means that the probability
of death by police does not depend on race.
MRR = P (death by police | African American)/ P (death by police | White)
