UNIT7 •+
+ Industrialization and
Economic Development
Patterris and Processes
Chapter 18 Industrialization and Economic Development
Chapter 19 Development and Trade
Chapter 20 Changing Global Economy and Sustainability
Unit Overview
Great Britain was the hearth of the 18th century Industrial Revolution. As
people learned to use water power and coal energy to manufacture goods, they
increased their agricultural productivity, population, and wealth. In the last
two centuries, industrialization has diffused throughout the world.
Measures of Development
Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, people have developed statistical
measures to describe changes in society. Some measure the total output of
each country, the distribution of income, rates of childbirth, the percentage
of people who can read, and the different opportunities available to males and
females. Scholars use this information to create models or theories of spatial
patterns of economic and social development in countries around the world.
Variations in Development and World Economy
The diffusion of industrialization generally increased trade and inter-
dependence, which improved the standard of living for most people. However,
many people lost their jobs, either because of the greater use of machines or
the movement of work from one place to another. As people in some countries
specialized in particular types of work, an international division of labor
emerged. Industrialization also damaged the environment motivating many
people to push for more sustainable practices.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS
SPS-7: Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards
of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.
PS0-7: Economic and social development happen at different times and rates in
different places.
IMP-7: Environmental problems stemming from industrialization may be remedied
through sustainable development strategies.
Source: AP" Human Geography Course and Exam Descrip tion. Effective Fall 2020. (College Board).
UNIT 7: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AND PROCESSES 445
, CHAPTER18
■
I .
Industrialization and
Economic Development
Topics 7.1-7.4
Topic 7.1 The Industrial Revolution
Learning Objective: Explain how the Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth
and diffusion of industrialization. (SPS-7.A)
Topic 7.2 Economic Sectors and Patterns
Learning Objective: Explain the spatial patterns of industrial production and
development. (SPS-7.B)
Topic 7.3 Measures of Development
Learning Objective: Describe social and economic measures of development.
(SPS-7.C)
Topic 7.4 Women and Economic Development
Learning Objective: Explain how and to what extent changes in economic de-
velopment have contributed to gender parity. (SPS-7.D)
A nation's growth depends, among other fa ctors, on whether and
how it educates and integrates its talent. Women make up half of
the potential workforce available in any economy, and the efficient
use of this talent pool is an important fa ctor for growth,
prosperity and competitiveness.
- World Economic Forum, "Gender Parity;' 2016
•
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Containers can be loaded from trucks or trains and stacked onto large ships via the cranes shown
in the images. Containers have reduced break-of-bulk costs dramatically. (See Topic 7.2 for more
on containerization.)
446 CHAPTER 18: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMI C DEVELOPM ENT
, 7.1
The Industrial Revolution
Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution facilitate the
growth and diffusion of industrialization?
Economic activity and development have brought dramatic changes to the
world. Industry, the process of using machines and large-scale processes to
convert raw materials into manufactured goods, has stimulated social, political,
demographic, and economic changes in societies at all scales. Industry requires
raw materials, the basic substances such as minerals and crops needed to
manufacture finished goods.
Growth and Diffusion of Industrialization
Before the 18th century, people made for themselves most clothes, tools, and
other items they used. They bought only a few items, often textiles or metal
goods, in a market, a place where products are sold. What they did buy was
usually made by other families working in their own homes who had a contract
to make products for a merchant. These small home-based businesses that made
goods are called cottage industries. These industries depended on intensive
human labor since people used simple spinning wheels, looms, and other tools.
Starting in the 18th century, a series of technological advances known as
the Industrial Revolution resulted in more complex machinery driven by
water or steam power that could make products faster and at lower costs than
could cottage industries. Because the new machinery was so large and required
so much investment money, or capital, manufacturing shifted from homes to
factories. The replacement of labor-intensive cottage industry with capital-
intensive factory production reshaped not only how people worked, but where
they lived and how they related to each other spatially.
CHANGES IN MANUFACTURING DUE TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Characteristic Cottage Industry Factory Manufacturing
Scale of Production Small Large
Size of Labor Force One family Dozens to thousands
Method of Production Human labor Machines
Typical Building House or small workshop Factory
Capital Investment Low Large
Speed of Production Slow Fast
Efficiency Low High
Market Local Local and global
7.1: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 447
, The Industrial Revolution spread throughout the world. However, cottage
industries remain important, especially in less-developed countries. Many
families survive by producing and selling items such as hand-woven fabric and
rugs in both local and global markets. Wealthy consumers are willing to pay
more for high-quality handcrafted products than they would pay for mass-
produced items.
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Starting in the mid-1700s, the Industrial Revolution diffused rapidly on a
regional scale and then a global scale. From Great Britain it moved first to
nearby France and the Netherlands. By the mid-1800s, industrialization had
spread east to Germany and west to the United States. By the early 1900s, it had
reached allofEurope, Japan, parts of China, and South America. Today, most of
the world is industrialized.
DIFFUSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Southern
Africa
The earliest adopters of the industrialization process were the countries closest to Great Britain. Explain the
relatively short time it took for the diffusion to much more distant places such as North or South America?
Was distance the only factor that determined if industrialization would be adopted by a country?
On the local scale, investors originally considered three main factors in
choosing where to build a factory:
• energy resources to provide power, such as rivers or coal deposits
• minerals or agricultural products needed for producing goods
• transportation routes, such as roads, rivers, canals, and ports
As new forms of transportation and electricity were developed during
the 19th century, industries became less dependent on the location of local
coal supplies and companies could build factories in more diverse locations.
448 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP' EDITION
+ Industrialization and
Economic Development
Patterris and Processes
Chapter 18 Industrialization and Economic Development
Chapter 19 Development and Trade
Chapter 20 Changing Global Economy and Sustainability
Unit Overview
Great Britain was the hearth of the 18th century Industrial Revolution. As
people learned to use water power and coal energy to manufacture goods, they
increased their agricultural productivity, population, and wealth. In the last
two centuries, industrialization has diffused throughout the world.
Measures of Development
Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, people have developed statistical
measures to describe changes in society. Some measure the total output of
each country, the distribution of income, rates of childbirth, the percentage
of people who can read, and the different opportunities available to males and
females. Scholars use this information to create models or theories of spatial
patterns of economic and social development in countries around the world.
Variations in Development and World Economy
The diffusion of industrialization generally increased trade and inter-
dependence, which improved the standard of living for most people. However,
many people lost their jobs, either because of the greater use of machines or
the movement of work from one place to another. As people in some countries
specialized in particular types of work, an international division of labor
emerged. Industrialization also damaged the environment motivating many
people to push for more sustainable practices.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS
SPS-7: Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards
of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.
PS0-7: Economic and social development happen at different times and rates in
different places.
IMP-7: Environmental problems stemming from industrialization may be remedied
through sustainable development strategies.
Source: AP" Human Geography Course and Exam Descrip tion. Effective Fall 2020. (College Board).
UNIT 7: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AND PROCESSES 445
, CHAPTER18
■
I .
Industrialization and
Economic Development
Topics 7.1-7.4
Topic 7.1 The Industrial Revolution
Learning Objective: Explain how the Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth
and diffusion of industrialization. (SPS-7.A)
Topic 7.2 Economic Sectors and Patterns
Learning Objective: Explain the spatial patterns of industrial production and
development. (SPS-7.B)
Topic 7.3 Measures of Development
Learning Objective: Describe social and economic measures of development.
(SPS-7.C)
Topic 7.4 Women and Economic Development
Learning Objective: Explain how and to what extent changes in economic de-
velopment have contributed to gender parity. (SPS-7.D)
A nation's growth depends, among other fa ctors, on whether and
how it educates and integrates its talent. Women make up half of
the potential workforce available in any economy, and the efficient
use of this talent pool is an important fa ctor for growth,
prosperity and competitiveness.
- World Economic Forum, "Gender Parity;' 2016
•
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Containers can be loaded from trucks or trains and stacked onto large ships via the cranes shown
in the images. Containers have reduced break-of-bulk costs dramatically. (See Topic 7.2 for more
on containerization.)
446 CHAPTER 18: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMI C DEVELOPM ENT
, 7.1
The Industrial Revolution
Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution facilitate the
growth and diffusion of industrialization?
Economic activity and development have brought dramatic changes to the
world. Industry, the process of using machines and large-scale processes to
convert raw materials into manufactured goods, has stimulated social, political,
demographic, and economic changes in societies at all scales. Industry requires
raw materials, the basic substances such as minerals and crops needed to
manufacture finished goods.
Growth and Diffusion of Industrialization
Before the 18th century, people made for themselves most clothes, tools, and
other items they used. They bought only a few items, often textiles or metal
goods, in a market, a place where products are sold. What they did buy was
usually made by other families working in their own homes who had a contract
to make products for a merchant. These small home-based businesses that made
goods are called cottage industries. These industries depended on intensive
human labor since people used simple spinning wheels, looms, and other tools.
Starting in the 18th century, a series of technological advances known as
the Industrial Revolution resulted in more complex machinery driven by
water or steam power that could make products faster and at lower costs than
could cottage industries. Because the new machinery was so large and required
so much investment money, or capital, manufacturing shifted from homes to
factories. The replacement of labor-intensive cottage industry with capital-
intensive factory production reshaped not only how people worked, but where
they lived and how they related to each other spatially.
CHANGES IN MANUFACTURING DUE TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Characteristic Cottage Industry Factory Manufacturing
Scale of Production Small Large
Size of Labor Force One family Dozens to thousands
Method of Production Human labor Machines
Typical Building House or small workshop Factory
Capital Investment Low Large
Speed of Production Slow Fast
Efficiency Low High
Market Local Local and global
7.1: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 447
, The Industrial Revolution spread throughout the world. However, cottage
industries remain important, especially in less-developed countries. Many
families survive by producing and selling items such as hand-woven fabric and
rugs in both local and global markets. Wealthy consumers are willing to pay
more for high-quality handcrafted products than they would pay for mass-
produced items.
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Starting in the mid-1700s, the Industrial Revolution diffused rapidly on a
regional scale and then a global scale. From Great Britain it moved first to
nearby France and the Netherlands. By the mid-1800s, industrialization had
spread east to Germany and west to the United States. By the early 1900s, it had
reached allofEurope, Japan, parts of China, and South America. Today, most of
the world is industrialized.
DIFFUSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Southern
Africa
The earliest adopters of the industrialization process were the countries closest to Great Britain. Explain the
relatively short time it took for the diffusion to much more distant places such as North or South America?
Was distance the only factor that determined if industrialization would be adopted by a country?
On the local scale, investors originally considered three main factors in
choosing where to build a factory:
• energy resources to provide power, such as rivers or coal deposits
• minerals or agricultural products needed for producing goods
• transportation routes, such as roads, rivers, canals, and ports
As new forms of transportation and electricity were developed during
the 19th century, industries became less dependent on the location of local
coal supplies and companies could build factories in more diverse locations.
448 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP' EDITION
