Supplement to Accompany
f f
A Basic Introduction to Criminal Justice
f f f f f
Sue Titus Reid
f f
,ThisfSupplementfconstitutesfcopyrightedfmaterialfandfisfsubjectftofUnitedfStatesfCopyrightflaws.fTh
isfSupplementfisfbeingfmadefavailablefasfafcourtesyftofthosefteachersfwhofhavefadoptedfthefunderlyi
ngftextbookfthatfaccompaniesfthefSupplement,fasfwellfasfthosefteachersfwhofhavefshownfafgenuinefin
terestfinfadoptingfthefunderlyingftextbook.
Thisfmayfnotfbefmodified,freproduced,fdisplayed,fdistributed,forftransmittedfinfanyfformforfbyfanyf
means,fwithoutfthefexpress,fprior,fwrittenfpermissionfoffAspenfPublishing.fThosefteachersfwhofhav
efadoptedfthefunderlyingftextbookfmayfassignfthisfSupplementftoftheirfclassfandfincorporatefitfintoft
heirfclassfnotes,fpresentationfslides,fandftestingfmaterials,forfmakefcertainfotherfnoncommercialfuse
sfoffthisfSupplementfasfpermittedfbyfcopyrightflaw,fbutfthosefteachersfmayfnotfotherwisefmodify,fre
produce,fdisplay,fdistribute,forftransmitfthefmanualfinfanyfformforfbyfanyfmeansfwithoutfthefexpressf
priorfwrittenfpermissionfoffAspenfPublishing.
Forfpermissionfrequests,fvisitfusfatfwww.aspenpublishing.com.
,TablefoffContents
Chapterf1. CriminalfJustice: AnfOverview .............................................................................1
Supplementf1.1.
......................................................................................................................
ThefUnitedfStatesfSupremefCourtfRecognizesfBothfRetributionfandfDeterren
cefAsfPunishmentfPhilosophies,fEvenfinfthefCasefoffCapitalfPunishment ......1
Supplementf1.2. IsfthefThreatfoffPunishmentfafDeterrentftofCollegefStudents? ........................3
Supplementf1.3. IsfTherefEmpiricalfEvidenceftofSupportfDeterrencefTheory? ........................5
Supplementf1.4.
......................................................................................................................
ThefU.S.fSupremefCourt,finfafUnanimousfDecision,fUpheldfafRightftofPrivac
yfWhenfCellfPhonesfArefSubjectedftofSearches .............................................6
Supplementf1.5. MayfPolicefObtainfthefExtensivefCellfPhonefRecordsfoffafSuspect? ..............9
Supplementf1.6. ProvingfIntentfinfAIDSfTransmissionfCases ................................................12
Chapterf2. Crime,fOffenders,fandfVictims ...............................................................................13
Supplementf2.1. OffensesfIncludedfinfthefNationalfIncident-
BasedfReportingfSystemf(NIBRS) ..............................................................13
Supplementf2.2. UniformfCrimefReports:fPartfIIfOffenses ....................................................15
Supplementf2.3. 2017fHatefCrimefDatafReleasedfbyfthefFBI .................................................17
Supplementf2.4. CrimesfClearedfbyfArrestforfExceptionalfMeansfinf2017 .............................18
Supplementf2.5. PercentfoffArrestsfforfDrugfAbusefViolations,f2017 ....................................19
Supplementf2.6. ThefFearfoffCrimefandfCitizens’fReactions ..................................................20
Supplementf2.7. SpecialfFocusfonfTerrorism .........................................................................21
Supplementf2.8. SpecialfFocusfonfWhitefCollarfCrime ..........................................................22
Supplementf2.9. FederalfStalkingfStatute,fUSCS,fTitlef18,fSectionf2261Af(2019).
Stalking ......................................................................................................23
Supplementf2.10. StalkingfonfafCampus ..................................................................................24
Chapterf3. ThefEmergencefandfStructurefoffPolicefSystems ...................................................25
Supplementf3.1. EnglandfMovesftowardfafFormalfPolicingfSystem .......................................25
Supplementf3.2.
....................................................................................................................T
hef2005fKillingfoffJeanfCharlesfdefMenezesfLedftofIntensefCriticismfoffthefBr
itishfPolice ..................................................................................................26
Supplementf3.3. VigilantismfinfthefAir ..................................................................................27
Supplementf3.4. PolicingfBackgroundfinfTexas:fThefTexasfRangers .....................................29
Supplementf3.5.
....................................................................................................................U
nitedfStatesfDepartmentfoffHomelandfSecurityfOperationalfandfSupportfCom
ponents:f2018 ..............................................................................................30
Supplementf3.6. StatefAttemptsftofControlfImmigration ........................................................33
, Supplementf3.7. TypesfoffPrivatefSecurityfSystems ..............................................................34
Chapterf4. PolicingfinfModernfSociety .....................................................................................35
Supplementf4.1. ThefImportancefoffHiringfFemalefandfMinorityfOfficers .............................35
Supplementf4.2.
....................................................................................................................T
hef1967fPresident’sfCommissionfMadefRecommendationsfonfPolicefTrainin
g..................................................................................................................38
Supplementf4.3. ThefU.S.fSupremefCourtfRulesfonfthefImportancefoffPolicefTraining ..........39
Supplementf4.4.
ThefU.S.fSupremefCourtfUpholdsfafControversialfCasefonfPolicefStopsf.40fSu
pplementf4.5. PretextualfStopsfArefReasonablefinfSomefCircumstances ...........................41
Supplementf4.6.
....................................................................................................................P
olicefStopsfNotfBasedfonfSuspicionfoffLawfViolationsfMayfBefPermittedfinfS
omefCases ...................................................................................................42
Supplementf4.7. RacialfProfiling:fAnfEarlyfExample ............................................................43
Supplementf4.8. HighlightsfoffPolicefBehaviorfduringfTrafficfandfStreetfStops .....................46
Supplementf4.9. ThefLawsonfCasefandfthefAbusefoffPolicefDiscretionftofStopfand
Question .....................................................................................................47
Supplementf4.10.
....................................................................................................................T
hefU.S.fSupremefCourtfLooksfatfthefTotalityfoffthefCircumstancesfWhenfDec
idingfWhetherfafStopfandfFriskfIsfJustified ..................................................48
Supplementf4.11. PolicefStopsfWhenfSuspectsfBeginftofFlee...................................................49
Supplementf4.12. ThefEstablishmentfoffProbablefCause .........................................................50
Supplementf4.13. MayfthefPolicefPreventfafPersonffromfEnteringfHisforfHerfOwnfHome?
ThefCasefoffIllinoisfv.fMcArthur .................................................................52
Supplementf4.14 WarrantlessfHomefSearchesfWhenfOccupantsfDisagreefAboutfConsentf 53
Supplementf4.15
....................................................................................................................P
olicefSearchesfoffPassengersfandfContainersfWhenfafDriverfIsfStoppedfandfA
rrested .........................................................................................................55
Supplementf4.16 PersonfSearchesfMustfBefReasonable .........................................................57
Supplementf4.16.1
....................................................................................................................W
ithoutfafSearchfWarrant,fMayfBloodfBefLegallyfDrawnffromfanfUnconsciousf
Defendant? .................................................................................................60
Supplementf4.17 AfSamplefoffCasesfInterpretingfMiranda .....................................................63
Chapterf5. ProblemsfandfIssuesfinfPolicing ..............................................................................65
Supplementf5.1. EarlierfStudiesfoffHowfPolicefAllocatefTheirfWorkfTime ............................65
Supplementf5.2. ThefProfBonofWorkftofEmpowerfandfRepresentfActfoff2018 .......................67
Supplementf5.3.
f f
A Basic Introduction to Criminal Justice
f f f f f
Sue Titus Reid
f f
,ThisfSupplementfconstitutesfcopyrightedfmaterialfandfisfsubjectftofUnitedfStatesfCopyrightflaws.fTh
isfSupplementfisfbeingfmadefavailablefasfafcourtesyftofthosefteachersfwhofhavefadoptedfthefunderlyi
ngftextbookfthatfaccompaniesfthefSupplement,fasfwellfasfthosefteachersfwhofhavefshownfafgenuinefin
terestfinfadoptingfthefunderlyingftextbook.
Thisfmayfnotfbefmodified,freproduced,fdisplayed,fdistributed,forftransmittedfinfanyfformforfbyfanyf
means,fwithoutfthefexpress,fprior,fwrittenfpermissionfoffAspenfPublishing.fThosefteachersfwhofhav
efadoptedfthefunderlyingftextbookfmayfassignfthisfSupplementftoftheirfclassfandfincorporatefitfintoft
heirfclassfnotes,fpresentationfslides,fandftestingfmaterials,forfmakefcertainfotherfnoncommercialfuse
sfoffthisfSupplementfasfpermittedfbyfcopyrightflaw,fbutfthosefteachersfmayfnotfotherwisefmodify,fre
produce,fdisplay,fdistribute,forftransmitfthefmanualfinfanyfformforfbyfanyfmeansfwithoutfthefexpressf
priorfwrittenfpermissionfoffAspenfPublishing.
Forfpermissionfrequests,fvisitfusfatfwww.aspenpublishing.com.
,TablefoffContents
Chapterf1. CriminalfJustice: AnfOverview .............................................................................1
Supplementf1.1.
......................................................................................................................
ThefUnitedfStatesfSupremefCourtfRecognizesfBothfRetributionfandfDeterren
cefAsfPunishmentfPhilosophies,fEvenfinfthefCasefoffCapitalfPunishment ......1
Supplementf1.2. IsfthefThreatfoffPunishmentfafDeterrentftofCollegefStudents? ........................3
Supplementf1.3. IsfTherefEmpiricalfEvidenceftofSupportfDeterrencefTheory? ........................5
Supplementf1.4.
......................................................................................................................
ThefU.S.fSupremefCourt,finfafUnanimousfDecision,fUpheldfafRightftofPrivac
yfWhenfCellfPhonesfArefSubjectedftofSearches .............................................6
Supplementf1.5. MayfPolicefObtainfthefExtensivefCellfPhonefRecordsfoffafSuspect? ..............9
Supplementf1.6. ProvingfIntentfinfAIDSfTransmissionfCases ................................................12
Chapterf2. Crime,fOffenders,fandfVictims ...............................................................................13
Supplementf2.1. OffensesfIncludedfinfthefNationalfIncident-
BasedfReportingfSystemf(NIBRS) ..............................................................13
Supplementf2.2. UniformfCrimefReports:fPartfIIfOffenses ....................................................15
Supplementf2.3. 2017fHatefCrimefDatafReleasedfbyfthefFBI .................................................17
Supplementf2.4. CrimesfClearedfbyfArrestforfExceptionalfMeansfinf2017 .............................18
Supplementf2.5. PercentfoffArrestsfforfDrugfAbusefViolations,f2017 ....................................19
Supplementf2.6. ThefFearfoffCrimefandfCitizens’fReactions ..................................................20
Supplementf2.7. SpecialfFocusfonfTerrorism .........................................................................21
Supplementf2.8. SpecialfFocusfonfWhitefCollarfCrime ..........................................................22
Supplementf2.9. FederalfStalkingfStatute,fUSCS,fTitlef18,fSectionf2261Af(2019).
Stalking ......................................................................................................23
Supplementf2.10. StalkingfonfafCampus ..................................................................................24
Chapterf3. ThefEmergencefandfStructurefoffPolicefSystems ...................................................25
Supplementf3.1. EnglandfMovesftowardfafFormalfPolicingfSystem .......................................25
Supplementf3.2.
....................................................................................................................T
hef2005fKillingfoffJeanfCharlesfdefMenezesfLedftofIntensefCriticismfoffthefBr
itishfPolice ..................................................................................................26
Supplementf3.3. VigilantismfinfthefAir ..................................................................................27
Supplementf3.4. PolicingfBackgroundfinfTexas:fThefTexasfRangers .....................................29
Supplementf3.5.
....................................................................................................................U
nitedfStatesfDepartmentfoffHomelandfSecurityfOperationalfandfSupportfCom
ponents:f2018 ..............................................................................................30
Supplementf3.6. StatefAttemptsftofControlfImmigration ........................................................33
, Supplementf3.7. TypesfoffPrivatefSecurityfSystems ..............................................................34
Chapterf4. PolicingfinfModernfSociety .....................................................................................35
Supplementf4.1. ThefImportancefoffHiringfFemalefandfMinorityfOfficers .............................35
Supplementf4.2.
....................................................................................................................T
hef1967fPresident’sfCommissionfMadefRecommendationsfonfPolicefTrainin
g..................................................................................................................38
Supplementf4.3. ThefU.S.fSupremefCourtfRulesfonfthefImportancefoffPolicefTraining ..........39
Supplementf4.4.
ThefU.S.fSupremefCourtfUpholdsfafControversialfCasefonfPolicefStopsf.40fSu
pplementf4.5. PretextualfStopsfArefReasonablefinfSomefCircumstances ...........................41
Supplementf4.6.
....................................................................................................................P
olicefStopsfNotfBasedfonfSuspicionfoffLawfViolationsfMayfBefPermittedfinfS
omefCases ...................................................................................................42
Supplementf4.7. RacialfProfiling:fAnfEarlyfExample ............................................................43
Supplementf4.8. HighlightsfoffPolicefBehaviorfduringfTrafficfandfStreetfStops .....................46
Supplementf4.9. ThefLawsonfCasefandfthefAbusefoffPolicefDiscretionftofStopfand
Question .....................................................................................................47
Supplementf4.10.
....................................................................................................................T
hefU.S.fSupremefCourtfLooksfatfthefTotalityfoffthefCircumstancesfWhenfDec
idingfWhetherfafStopfandfFriskfIsfJustified ..................................................48
Supplementf4.11. PolicefStopsfWhenfSuspectsfBeginftofFlee...................................................49
Supplementf4.12. ThefEstablishmentfoffProbablefCause .........................................................50
Supplementf4.13. MayfthefPolicefPreventfafPersonffromfEnteringfHisforfHerfOwnfHome?
ThefCasefoffIllinoisfv.fMcArthur .................................................................52
Supplementf4.14 WarrantlessfHomefSearchesfWhenfOccupantsfDisagreefAboutfConsentf 53
Supplementf4.15
....................................................................................................................P
olicefSearchesfoffPassengersfandfContainersfWhenfafDriverfIsfStoppedfandfA
rrested .........................................................................................................55
Supplementf4.16 PersonfSearchesfMustfBefReasonable .........................................................57
Supplementf4.16.1
....................................................................................................................W
ithoutfafSearchfWarrant,fMayfBloodfBefLegallyfDrawnffromfanfUnconsciousf
Defendant? .................................................................................................60
Supplementf4.17 AfSamplefoffCasesfInterpretingfMiranda .....................................................63
Chapterf5. ProblemsfandfIssuesfinfPolicing ..............................................................................65
Supplementf5.1. EarlierfStudiesfoffHowfPolicefAllocatefTheirfWorkfTime ............................65
Supplementf5.2. ThefProfBonofWorkftofEmpowerfandfRepresentfActfoff2018 .......................67
Supplementf5.3.
