, CHAPTER 1 p The Science of the Mind
p p p p
LEARNINGpOBJECTIVES
1.1. Describepthepscopepandpgoalspofpcognitiveppsychology.
1.2. UnderstandpthepcasepofpH.M.,pandpthepmanypwayspthatpmemorypinfluencespourplives.
1.3. Describeptheplimitationspofpintrospectionpaspapmethodpforpscientificpinquiry.
1.4. Comparepandpcontrastpclassicalp(Watsonian)pbehaviorismpandpcognitiveppsychology.
1.5. Kant’sp“transcendentalpmethod”pispsometimespcalledp“inferenceptopbestpexplanation.”pExplainpthispmethodpandphowpit
p works.
1.6. Describeptheprole,pinpthepemergencepofpcognitiveppsychology,pthatpwaspplayedpbypcomputerpsciencepandpthepdevelop-
pmentpofp“computerpintelligence.”
MULTIPLEpCHOICE
1. WhichpofpthepfollowingptopicspispNOTpcommonlypstudiedpwithinpcognitiveppsychology?
a. angerpmanagement c. memory
b. decisionpmaking d. Attention
ANS:p A DIF: Easy REF:
ThepScopepofpCognitivepPsychologypOBJ: 1.1 MSC:pUnderstanding
2. CognitivepprocessesparepNOTpnecessarypforpwhichpdailypactivity?
a. readingpapnewspaper c. talkingponpthepphone
b. studyingpforpaptest d. breathing
ANS:p D DIF: Easy REF: ThepScopepofpCognitivepPsychology
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Applying
3. Alyssapwantsptopbepappsychologistpbutpispunsurepwhichptopicpwithinppsychologypmostpinterestspher.pWhichpofpthe
followingptopicspwouldpbepLEASTplikelyptopleadpherpintopcognitiveppsychology?
p
a. amnesia c. Lymepdisease
b. languagepacquisition d. problem-solvingp strategies
,ANS:p C DIF: Easy REF:
ThepScopepofpCognitivepPsychologypOBJ: 1.1 MSC:pApplying
4. Considerpthepsequencep“BetsypwantedptopbringpJacobpappresent.pShepshookpherppiggypbank.”pMostppeople,pafterphe
aringpthispsequence,pbelievepBetsypwaspcheckingpherppiggypbankptopseepifpshephadpmoneyptopspendponpthepgift.pThispinferencepaboutpB
etsy’spgoalspdependsponpthepfactpthat
a. ourppreviouspknowledgepfillspinpbackgroundpinformationpwheneverpwe’repunderstandingpanpevent
porpconversation.
b. readerspareplikelyptopknowpsomeonepnamedpJacob.
c. English,punlikepotherplanguages,prequirespspeakersptopmentionpallpofptheppeoplepinvolvedpinpan
pevent.
d. thepindividualpsentencesparepshort.
ANS:p A DIF: Easy REF:
ThepBroadpRolepforpMemorypOBJ: 1.1 MSC:pUnderstanding
5. WhichpofpthepfollowingpstatementspispLEASTplikelyptopapplyptoppatientpH.M.?
a. “Hepcannotprememberpwhatphepdidpearlierptoday,pincludingpeventspthatptookpplacepjustpanphourpago.”
b. “Hepreadpthispstoryplastpmonth,pbutphepwaspstillpsurprisedpbyphowpthepstorypturnedpout.”
c. “Evenpthoughphephaspencounteredpthepnursepmanyptimes,phepispstillpunableptoprecognizepher.”
d. “Heprememberedpthatpitpwasponlypapweekpagopthatphe’dpheardpthepsadpnewspthatphispunclephadpdied.”
ANS:p D DIF: Moderate REF:
AmnesiapandpMemorypLosspOBJ: 1.2 MSC:pApplying
6. ResearchpwithpH.M.pprovidespanpillustrationpforpwhichpmajorpthemepofpthepchapter?
a. Introspectionpispanpimportantpresearchptoolpforpcognitiveppsychologists.
b. Cognitiveppsychologypcanphelppuspunderstandpapwideprangepofpactivitiespthatpdependponpsomeone’s
pabilityptopremember.
c. Memorypispnotpverypimportant.
d. Thepdisruptionpcausedpbypbrainpdamagepdependsponphowpwidespreadpthepdamagepis,pandpnotponpthe
pspecificpsitespthatparepdamaged.
ANS:p p B DIF: Moderate REF: ThepScopepofpCognitivepPsychology
OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Evaluating
7. Patientspsufferingpfrompclinicalpamnesiaparepcharacterizedpby
a. memorypdysfunction. c. inarticulatepspeech.
b. anpinabilityptoprecognizeppatterns. d. impairedplanguagepcomprehension.
ANS:p A DIF: Easy REF:
AmnesiapandpMemorypLosspOBJ: 1.2 MSC:pRemembering
8. Theptermp“introspection”prefersptopthe
a. processpbypwhichponepindividualpseeksptopinferpthepthoughtspofpanotherpindividual.
b. procedurepofpexaminingpthoughtpprocessingpbypmonitoringpthepbrain’spelectricalpactivity.
, c. processpofpeachppersonplookingpwithin,ptopobservephisporpherpownpthoughtspandpideas.
d. techniquepofpstudyingpthoughtpbypinterpretingpthepsymbolspusedpinpcommunication.
ANS:p C DIF: Easy REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pRemembering
9. Apparticipantpispaskedptoplookpwithinphimselfporpherselfpandpreportponphisporpherpownpmentalpprocesses.pThispmethod
ispcalled
a. logicalpinference. c. introspection.
b. reconstruction. p d.
ANS:p C DIF: Easy REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pRemembering
10. Ofpthepfollowing,pintrospectionpispLEASTpusefulpforpstudying
a. topicspthatparepstronglypcoloredpbypemotion.
b. mentalpeventspthatparepunconscious.
c. processespthatpinvolvepconceptualpknowledge.
d. eventspthatptakepaplongptimeptopunfold.
ANS:p B DIF: Moderate REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pUnderstanding
11. WhichpofpthepfollowingpstatementspaboutpintrospectionpispFALSE?
a. Itpisptheponlypwayptopobservepconsciouspeventspdirectly.
b. Itpispsubjective.
c. Itpprovidespstrongpevidencepforphypothesis-testing.
d. Itpwaspaptechniquepusedphistoricallyptopstudypcognition.
ANS:p C DIF: Moderate REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pUnderstanding
12. Geniepwonderspwhypshepcanpneverprememberpthepnamespofpnewpacquaintances.pInpsearchpofpanpanswer,pshepexamines
andpreflectsponpherpfeelingspaboutpmeetingpnewppeople.pGeniepispengagedpinpwhichpprocess?
p
a. practicalprehearsal c. learningphistorypanalysis
b. introspection d. goalpretrieval
ANS:p B DIF: Moderate REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pApplying
13. Introspectionpwaspemployedpaspapresearchptoolpinptheplatep1800spbecause
a. itpwaspregardedpasptheponlypwayptopobservepthepmind’spcontentspdirectly.
b. itpprovidedpdatapfrompindividualspwithoutpanypspecializedptraining.
c. consciouspeventsparepjustpaspimportantpaspunconsciouspevents.
p p p p
LEARNINGpOBJECTIVES
1.1. Describepthepscopepandpgoalspofpcognitiveppsychology.
1.2. UnderstandpthepcasepofpH.M.,pandpthepmanypwayspthatpmemorypinfluencespourplives.
1.3. Describeptheplimitationspofpintrospectionpaspapmethodpforpscientificpinquiry.
1.4. Comparepandpcontrastpclassicalp(Watsonian)pbehaviorismpandpcognitiveppsychology.
1.5. Kant’sp“transcendentalpmethod”pispsometimespcalledp“inferenceptopbestpexplanation.”pExplainpthispmethodpandphowpit
p works.
1.6. Describeptheprole,pinpthepemergencepofpcognitiveppsychology,pthatpwaspplayedpbypcomputerpsciencepandpthepdevelop-
pmentpofp“computerpintelligence.”
MULTIPLEpCHOICE
1. WhichpofpthepfollowingptopicspispNOTpcommonlypstudiedpwithinpcognitiveppsychology?
a. angerpmanagement c. memory
b. decisionpmaking d. Attention
ANS:p A DIF: Easy REF:
ThepScopepofpCognitivepPsychologypOBJ: 1.1 MSC:pUnderstanding
2. CognitivepprocessesparepNOTpnecessarypforpwhichpdailypactivity?
a. readingpapnewspaper c. talkingponpthepphone
b. studyingpforpaptest d. breathing
ANS:p D DIF: Easy REF: ThepScopepofpCognitivepPsychology
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Applying
3. Alyssapwantsptopbepappsychologistpbutpispunsurepwhichptopicpwithinppsychologypmostpinterestspher.pWhichpofpthe
followingptopicspwouldpbepLEASTplikelyptopleadpherpintopcognitiveppsychology?
p
a. amnesia c. Lymepdisease
b. languagepacquisition d. problem-solvingp strategies
,ANS:p C DIF: Easy REF:
ThepScopepofpCognitivepPsychologypOBJ: 1.1 MSC:pApplying
4. Considerpthepsequencep“BetsypwantedptopbringpJacobpappresent.pShepshookpherppiggypbank.”pMostppeople,pafterphe
aringpthispsequence,pbelievepBetsypwaspcheckingpherppiggypbankptopseepifpshephadpmoneyptopspendponpthepgift.pThispinferencepaboutpB
etsy’spgoalspdependsponpthepfactpthat
a. ourppreviouspknowledgepfillspinpbackgroundpinformationpwheneverpwe’repunderstandingpanpevent
porpconversation.
b. readerspareplikelyptopknowpsomeonepnamedpJacob.
c. English,punlikepotherplanguages,prequirespspeakersptopmentionpallpofptheppeoplepinvolvedpinpan
pevent.
d. thepindividualpsentencesparepshort.
ANS:p A DIF: Easy REF:
ThepBroadpRolepforpMemorypOBJ: 1.1 MSC:pUnderstanding
5. WhichpofpthepfollowingpstatementspispLEASTplikelyptopapplyptoppatientpH.M.?
a. “Hepcannotprememberpwhatphepdidpearlierptoday,pincludingpeventspthatptookpplacepjustpanphourpago.”
b. “Hepreadpthispstoryplastpmonth,pbutphepwaspstillpsurprisedpbyphowpthepstorypturnedpout.”
c. “Evenpthoughphephaspencounteredpthepnursepmanyptimes,phepispstillpunableptoprecognizepher.”
d. “Heprememberedpthatpitpwasponlypapweekpagopthatphe’dpheardpthepsadpnewspthatphispunclephadpdied.”
ANS:p D DIF: Moderate REF:
AmnesiapandpMemorypLosspOBJ: 1.2 MSC:pApplying
6. ResearchpwithpH.M.pprovidespanpillustrationpforpwhichpmajorpthemepofpthepchapter?
a. Introspectionpispanpimportantpresearchptoolpforpcognitiveppsychologists.
b. Cognitiveppsychologypcanphelppuspunderstandpapwideprangepofpactivitiespthatpdependponpsomeone’s
pabilityptopremember.
c. Memorypispnotpverypimportant.
d. Thepdisruptionpcausedpbypbrainpdamagepdependsponphowpwidespreadpthepdamagepis,pandpnotponpthe
pspecificpsitespthatparepdamaged.
ANS:p p B DIF: Moderate REF: ThepScopepofpCognitivepPsychology
OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Evaluating
7. Patientspsufferingpfrompclinicalpamnesiaparepcharacterizedpby
a. memorypdysfunction. c. inarticulatepspeech.
b. anpinabilityptoprecognizeppatterns. d. impairedplanguagepcomprehension.
ANS:p A DIF: Easy REF:
AmnesiapandpMemorypLosspOBJ: 1.2 MSC:pRemembering
8. Theptermp“introspection”prefersptopthe
a. processpbypwhichponepindividualpseeksptopinferpthepthoughtspofpanotherpindividual.
b. procedurepofpexaminingpthoughtpprocessingpbypmonitoringpthepbrain’spelectricalpactivity.
, c. processpofpeachppersonplookingpwithin,ptopobservephisporpherpownpthoughtspandpideas.
d. techniquepofpstudyingpthoughtpbypinterpretingpthepsymbolspusedpinpcommunication.
ANS:p C DIF: Easy REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pRemembering
9. Apparticipantpispaskedptoplookpwithinphimselfporpherselfpandpreportponphisporpherpownpmentalpprocesses.pThispmethod
ispcalled
a. logicalpinference. c. introspection.
b. reconstruction. p d.
ANS:p C DIF: Easy REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pRemembering
10. Ofpthepfollowing,pintrospectionpispLEASTpusefulpforpstudying
a. topicspthatparepstronglypcoloredpbypemotion.
b. mentalpeventspthatparepunconscious.
c. processespthatpinvolvepconceptualpknowledge.
d. eventspthatptakepaplongptimeptopunfold.
ANS:p B DIF: Moderate REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pUnderstanding
11. WhichpofpthepfollowingpstatementspaboutpintrospectionpispFALSE?
a. Itpisptheponlypwayptopobservepconsciouspeventspdirectly.
b. Itpispsubjective.
c. Itpprovidespstrongpevidencepforphypothesis-testing.
d. Itpwaspaptechniquepusedphistoricallyptopstudypcognition.
ANS:p C DIF: Moderate REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pUnderstanding
12. Geniepwonderspwhypshepcanpneverprememberpthepnamespofpnewpacquaintances.pInpsearchpofpanpanswer,pshepexamines
andpreflectsponpherpfeelingspaboutpmeetingpnewppeople.pGeniepispengagedpinpwhichpprocess?
p
a. practicalprehearsal c. learningphistorypanalysis
b. introspection d. goalpretrieval
ANS:p B DIF: Moderate REF:
ThepLimitspofpIntrospectionpOBJ: 1.3 MSC:pApplying
13. Introspectionpwaspemployedpaspapresearchptoolpinptheplatep1800spbecause
a. itpwaspregardedpasptheponlypwayptopobservepthepmind’spcontentspdirectly.
b. itpprovidedpdatapfrompindividualspwithoutpanypspecializedptraining.
c. consciouspeventsparepjustpaspimportantpaspunconsciouspevents.
