WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective As
n n n n
sessment Questions and Verified Answers |
n n n n n n
Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
n n n
WhatnisnStarling'snLawnofnCapillarynforces?
Howndoesnthisnexplainnwhynannutritionallyndeficientnchildnwouldnhavenedema?
-
☑️☑️Starling'snLawndescribesnhownfluidsnmovenacrossnthencapillarynmembrane.nTherenarentwonmajornopp
n
osingnforcesnthatnactntonbalanceneachnother,nhydrostaticnpressuren(pushingnwaternoutnofnthencapillaries)
andnosmoticnpressuren(includingnonconticnpressure,nwhichnpushesnfluidnintonthencapillaries).
n
Bothnelectrolytesnandnproteinsn(onconticnpressure)ninnthenbloodnaffectnosmoticnpressure,nhigh
n electrolytenandnproteinnconcentrationsninnthenbloodnwouldncausenwaterntonleaventhencellsnan
dninterstitialnspacenandnenternthenbloodnstreamntondilutenthenhighnconcentrations.
On,nthenothernhand,nlownelectrolytenandnproteinnconcentrationsn(asnseenninnannutritionallyndeficientnchi
ld)nwouldncausenwaterntonleaventhencapillariesnandnenternthencellsnandninterstitialnfluidnwhichncannleadnt
onedema.
HowndoesnthenRAASn(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronenSystem)nresultninnincreasednbloodnvolumenandnincreasednbloodnpressure?
,WGUnD236npathophysiologynOAnExamnStudynGuiden2023nQuestionsnandnAnswers
-
☑️☑️Andropninnbloodnpressurenisnsensednbynthenkidneysnbynlownperfusion,nwhichninnturnnbeginsntonsec
n
retenrenin.
Reninnthenntriggersnthenliverntonproducenangiotensinogen,nwhichnisnconvertedntonAngiotensinnIninnthenlu
ngsnandnthennangiotensinnIInbynthenenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingnenzymen(ACE).nAngiotensinnIInstimulatesnperipheralnarterialnvasoconstrictionnwhichnraisesnBP
.
AngiotensinnIInisnalsonstimulatingnthenadrenalnglandntonreleasenaldosterone,nwhichnactsntonincreasensodi
umnandnwaternreabsorptionnincreasingnbloodnvolume,nwhilenalsonincreasednpotassiumnsecretionninnurin
e.
Howncannhyperkalemianleadntoncardiacnarrest?
-
☑️☑️Normalnlevelsnofnpotassiumnarenbetweenn3.5nandn5.2nmEq/dL.nHyperkalemianrefersntonpotassiumnle
n
velsnhighernthatn5.2nmEq/dL.
Anmajornfunctionnofnpotassiumnisntonconductnnervenimpulsesninnmuscles.nToonlownandnmusclenweaknessnocc
ursnandntoonmuchncanncausenmusclenspasms.
,WGUnD236npathophysiologynOAnExamnStudynGuiden2023nQuestionsnandnAnswers
Thisnisnespeciallyndangerousninnthenheartnmusclenandnannirregularnheartbeatncanncausenanheartnattack
ThenbodynusesnthenProteinnBufferingnSystem,nPhosphatenBufferingnSystem,nandnCarbonicnAcid-
n BicarbonatenSystemntonregulatenandnmaintainnhomeostaticnpH,nwhatnisnthenconsequencenofnanpHnimbal
ance
- ☑️☑️ProteinsncontainnmanynacidicnandnbasicngroupnthatncannbenaffectednbynpHnchanges.nAnynincreasenor
decreaseninnbloodnpHncannalternthenstructurenofnthenproteinn(denature),ntherebynaffectingnitsnfunctionna
n
snwell
Describenthenlaboratorynfindingsnassociatednwithnmetabolicnacidosis,nmetabolicnalkalosis,nrespiratorynac
idosisnandnrespiratorynalkalosis.n(ienrelativenpHnandnCO2nlevels).
- ☑️☑️NormalnABGsn(ArterialnBloodnGases)nBloodnpH:n7.35-7.45nPCO2:n35-45nmmnHgnPO2:n90-
100nmmnHgnHCO3-:n22-26nmEq/LnSaO2:n95-100%
RespiratorynacidosisnandnalkalosisnarenmarkednbynchangesninnPCO2.nHighern=nacidosisnandnlowern=nalkalo
sis
MetabolicnacidosisnandnalkalosisnarencausednbynsomethingnothernthannabnormalnCO2nlevels.nThisncouldninclu
dentoxicity,ndiabetes,nrenalnfailurenornexcessivenGInlosses.
, WGUnD236npathophysiologynOAnExamnStudynGuiden2023nQuestionsnandnAnswers
Herenarenthenrulesntonfollowntondeterminenifnisnrespiratorynornmetabolicninnnature.n-
IfnpHnandnPCO2narenmovingninnoppositendirections,nthennitnisnthenpCO2nlevelsnthatnarencausingnthenimbal
ancenandnitnisnrespiratoryninnnature.
-
IfnPCO2nisnnormalnornisnmovingninnthensamendirectionnasnthenpH,nthennthenimbalancenisnmetabolicninnnat
ure.
Thenanionngapnisnthendifferencenbetweennmeasuredncationsn(Na+nandnK+)nandnmeasurednanionsn(Cl-
andnHCO3-),nthisncalculationncannbenusefulninndeterminingnthencausenofnmetabolicnacidosis.
n
Whynwouldnannincreasednanionngapnbenobservedninndiabeticnketoacidosisnornlacticnacidosis?
- ☑️☑️Thenanionngapnisnthencalculationnofnunmeasurednanionsninnthenblood.
Lacticnacidnandnketonesnbothnleadntonthenproductionnofnunmeasurednanions,nwhichnremovenHCO3-
(anmeasurednanion)nduentonbufferingnofnthenexcessnH+nandnthereforenleadsntonannincreaseninnthenAG.
n
Whynisnitnimportantntonmaintainnanhomeostaticnbalancenofnglucoseninnthenbloodn(iendescribenthenpathog
enesisnofndiabetes)?
- ☑️☑️Insulinnisnthenhormonenresponsiblenforninitiatingnthenuptakenofnglucosenbynthencells.nCellsnusengl
ucosentonproducenenergyn(ATP).
n n n n
sessment Questions and Verified Answers |
n n n n n n
Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
n n n
WhatnisnStarling'snLawnofnCapillarynforces?
Howndoesnthisnexplainnwhynannutritionallyndeficientnchildnwouldnhavenedema?
-
☑️☑️Starling'snLawndescribesnhownfluidsnmovenacrossnthencapillarynmembrane.nTherenarentwonmajornopp
n
osingnforcesnthatnactntonbalanceneachnother,nhydrostaticnpressuren(pushingnwaternoutnofnthencapillaries)
andnosmoticnpressuren(includingnonconticnpressure,nwhichnpushesnfluidnintonthencapillaries).
n
Bothnelectrolytesnandnproteinsn(onconticnpressure)ninnthenbloodnaffectnosmoticnpressure,nhigh
n electrolytenandnproteinnconcentrationsninnthenbloodnwouldncausenwaterntonleaventhencellsnan
dninterstitialnspacenandnenternthenbloodnstreamntondilutenthenhighnconcentrations.
On,nthenothernhand,nlownelectrolytenandnproteinnconcentrationsn(asnseenninnannutritionallyndeficientnchi
ld)nwouldncausenwaterntonleaventhencapillariesnandnenternthencellsnandninterstitialnfluidnwhichncannleadnt
onedema.
HowndoesnthenRAASn(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronenSystem)nresultninnincreasednbloodnvolumenandnincreasednbloodnpressure?
,WGUnD236npathophysiologynOAnExamnStudynGuiden2023nQuestionsnandnAnswers
-
☑️☑️Andropninnbloodnpressurenisnsensednbynthenkidneysnbynlownperfusion,nwhichninnturnnbeginsntonsec
n
retenrenin.
Reninnthenntriggersnthenliverntonproducenangiotensinogen,nwhichnisnconvertedntonAngiotensinnIninnthenlu
ngsnandnthennangiotensinnIInbynthenenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingnenzymen(ACE).nAngiotensinnIInstimulatesnperipheralnarterialnvasoconstrictionnwhichnraisesnBP
.
AngiotensinnIInisnalsonstimulatingnthenadrenalnglandntonreleasenaldosterone,nwhichnactsntonincreasensodi
umnandnwaternreabsorptionnincreasingnbloodnvolume,nwhilenalsonincreasednpotassiumnsecretionninnurin
e.
Howncannhyperkalemianleadntoncardiacnarrest?
-
☑️☑️Normalnlevelsnofnpotassiumnarenbetweenn3.5nandn5.2nmEq/dL.nHyperkalemianrefersntonpotassiumnle
n
velsnhighernthatn5.2nmEq/dL.
Anmajornfunctionnofnpotassiumnisntonconductnnervenimpulsesninnmuscles.nToonlownandnmusclenweaknessnocc
ursnandntoonmuchncanncausenmusclenspasms.
,WGUnD236npathophysiologynOAnExamnStudynGuiden2023nQuestionsnandnAnswers
Thisnisnespeciallyndangerousninnthenheartnmusclenandnannirregularnheartbeatncanncausenanheartnattack
ThenbodynusesnthenProteinnBufferingnSystem,nPhosphatenBufferingnSystem,nandnCarbonicnAcid-
n BicarbonatenSystemntonregulatenandnmaintainnhomeostaticnpH,nwhatnisnthenconsequencenofnanpHnimbal
ance
- ☑️☑️ProteinsncontainnmanynacidicnandnbasicngroupnthatncannbenaffectednbynpHnchanges.nAnynincreasenor
decreaseninnbloodnpHncannalternthenstructurenofnthenproteinn(denature),ntherebynaffectingnitsnfunctionna
n
snwell
Describenthenlaboratorynfindingsnassociatednwithnmetabolicnacidosis,nmetabolicnalkalosis,nrespiratorynac
idosisnandnrespiratorynalkalosis.n(ienrelativenpHnandnCO2nlevels).
- ☑️☑️NormalnABGsn(ArterialnBloodnGases)nBloodnpH:n7.35-7.45nPCO2:n35-45nmmnHgnPO2:n90-
100nmmnHgnHCO3-:n22-26nmEq/LnSaO2:n95-100%
RespiratorynacidosisnandnalkalosisnarenmarkednbynchangesninnPCO2.nHighern=nacidosisnandnlowern=nalkalo
sis
MetabolicnacidosisnandnalkalosisnarencausednbynsomethingnothernthannabnormalnCO2nlevels.nThisncouldninclu
dentoxicity,ndiabetes,nrenalnfailurenornexcessivenGInlosses.
, WGUnD236npathophysiologynOAnExamnStudynGuiden2023nQuestionsnandnAnswers
Herenarenthenrulesntonfollowntondeterminenifnisnrespiratorynornmetabolicninnnature.n-
IfnpHnandnPCO2narenmovingninnoppositendirections,nthennitnisnthenpCO2nlevelsnthatnarencausingnthenimbal
ancenandnitnisnrespiratoryninnnature.
-
IfnPCO2nisnnormalnornisnmovingninnthensamendirectionnasnthenpH,nthennthenimbalancenisnmetabolicninnnat
ure.
Thenanionngapnisnthendifferencenbetweennmeasuredncationsn(Na+nandnK+)nandnmeasurednanionsn(Cl-
andnHCO3-),nthisncalculationncannbenusefulninndeterminingnthencausenofnmetabolicnacidosis.
n
Whynwouldnannincreasednanionngapnbenobservedninndiabeticnketoacidosisnornlacticnacidosis?
- ☑️☑️Thenanionngapnisnthencalculationnofnunmeasurednanionsninnthenblood.
Lacticnacidnandnketonesnbothnleadntonthenproductionnofnunmeasurednanions,nwhichnremovenHCO3-
(anmeasurednanion)nduentonbufferingnofnthenexcessnH+nandnthereforenleadsntonannincreaseninnthenAG.
n
Whynisnitnimportantntonmaintainnanhomeostaticnbalancenofnglucoseninnthenbloodn(iendescribenthenpathog
enesisnofndiabetes)?
- ☑️☑️Insulinnisnthenhormonenresponsiblenforninitiatingnthenuptakenofnglucosenbynthencells.nCellsnusengl
ucosentonproducenenergyn(ATP).
