PATH30001 MST 1 REVISION EXAM WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
What is asthma? - ANSWER - Chronic inflammation of airways, also episodic
bronchoconstriction
What type of immunological reaction is asthma? - ANSWER - IgE-mediated Type I
hypersensitivity reaction
Describe the aetiology of atopic asthma, eg. the cellular processes that occur after
pollen enters your system - ANSWER - Allergen stimulates Th2/Bcell response
- IgM antibodies switch to IgE
- IgE antibodies bind mast cell
- Mast cell binds allergen and release mediators which cause damage
What mediators can be released by a mast cell? - ANSWER - Histamine, Proteases,
Chemotactic factors
- Arachidonic acid metabolites: Prostaglandin D2, Leukotrienes B4,C4,D4
What can results from the mediators a mast cell releases? - ANSWER - Vasodilation,
smooth muscle spasm, leukocyte infiltration
What cytokines do Th2 cells release during asthma attacks? - ANSWER - IL-4: Activation
of B cells
- IL-5: Activation of recruited eosinophilic cells
- IL-13: Stimulate mucus production
How would the airway of a person with asthma differ to a normal airway? - ANSWER -
Thickened basement membrane
- Increased mucus
- Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
What are some susceptibility genes for asthma? - ANSWER - IL3,4,5,9,13,14,
- B2-adrenergic receptor
- ADAM033: metalloprotease involved in bronchial hyperresponsiveness
How do we treat asthma? - ANSWER - Inhalation of B2 agonist, causes smooth muscle
,relaxation via signalling pathway
- Long term: Corticosteroid: Inhibits T-cell activation
How do B2 agonists cause smooth muscle relaxation? - ANSWER - Cause activation of
adenylcyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP
What are histone deacetylase inhibitors used for? - ANSWER - Help with asthma
apparently
- Act on both histone and non-histone proteins
What three signal transduction pathways are associated with RTK's? - ANSWER - PI3
Kinase
- MAP-kinase pathway
- IP3 Pathway
What are the two important growth factors we study? - ANSWER - Hepatocyte GF:
Causes proliferation of epithelial cells, eg. for regeneration of liver, lung etc., also
causes cell migration during embryogenesis
- Vascular Endothelial GF: Causes proliferation of endothelial cells, essential for blood
vessel formation, binds receptor on endothelial cells
(Both are found in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, HGF is found in non-parenchymal
liver cells)
What makes up the interstitial matrix of ECM? - ANSWER - Collagens, fibronectin,
elastin, proteoglycans, hyaluronate
What makes up the basement membrane of ECM? - ANSWER - Type IV collagen, laminin
What does generalised wound healing into a scar involve? - ANSWER - Damage to tissue
- Depositing of granulation tissue (non-functional tissue made of fibroblasts and
connective tissue)
- Eventually becomes ECM via fibrosis
What enzyme can breakdown a scar? - ANSWER - Metalloproteinases, which degrade
ECM
Describe the process of liver regeneration - ANSWER - Kupffer cells secrete IL-6 to
activate labile cells
- Epithelial cells are stimulated by HGF and TGF-alpha to proliferate
What type of collagen would you find early on in a wound, what about towards the end? -
ANSWER - Collagen III then Collagen I
, What is the function of myofibroblasts - ANSWER - Contract wound
Give 4 Factors that allow helicobacter pylori to survive in the stomach - ANSWER - High
mutation rate
- BabA ahesin: Allows adhesion to gastric epithelial cells
- VacA vacuolating cytotoxin: Forms pore in host cells to allow scavenging of urea from
host cells
- CagA (Cytotoxin associated gene A): Circular piece of DNA that carries pathogenicity
island,
- Island codes for appartus that can create pores in host cells, point is to modulate
immune system, also triggers proliferation of epithelial cells
Describe the methods helicobacter pylori has to evade the host immune response -
ANSWER - Change LPS/Flagella
- Bind C-type lectin PRR on immune cells to dampen inflammatory response
- Inhibit NO production by immune cells
- Enzymes that combat oxidative bacteriacides
Which type of Th cell typically responds to helicobacter pylori? - ANSWER - Th1
What can result from a helicobacter pylori infection of the antrum? - ANSWER - Death of
parietal cells, somehow results in more acid that can damage duodenum
- Can lead to colonization of duodenum by helicobacter pylori due to duodenal cells
changing to become gastric-like
How can using an antibody in the stomach to kill bacteria inadvertently cause disease?
Name 2 examples. - ANSWER - Kills antibody-vulnerable bacteria, leaves
antibody-resistant bacteria with no competition and ability to thrive
- Clostridium difficile (Antibody Resistant), Candida albicans (Yeast)
Describe the four areas of the stomach and their secretions - ANSWER - Cardia: At
inferior end of oesophagus, mucin secreting
- Fundus: Superior bulge, acid and enzyme secretion
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
What is asthma? - ANSWER - Chronic inflammation of airways, also episodic
bronchoconstriction
What type of immunological reaction is asthma? - ANSWER - IgE-mediated Type I
hypersensitivity reaction
Describe the aetiology of atopic asthma, eg. the cellular processes that occur after
pollen enters your system - ANSWER - Allergen stimulates Th2/Bcell response
- IgM antibodies switch to IgE
- IgE antibodies bind mast cell
- Mast cell binds allergen and release mediators which cause damage
What mediators can be released by a mast cell? - ANSWER - Histamine, Proteases,
Chemotactic factors
- Arachidonic acid metabolites: Prostaglandin D2, Leukotrienes B4,C4,D4
What can results from the mediators a mast cell releases? - ANSWER - Vasodilation,
smooth muscle spasm, leukocyte infiltration
What cytokines do Th2 cells release during asthma attacks? - ANSWER - IL-4: Activation
of B cells
- IL-5: Activation of recruited eosinophilic cells
- IL-13: Stimulate mucus production
How would the airway of a person with asthma differ to a normal airway? - ANSWER -
Thickened basement membrane
- Increased mucus
- Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
What are some susceptibility genes for asthma? - ANSWER - IL3,4,5,9,13,14,
- B2-adrenergic receptor
- ADAM033: metalloprotease involved in bronchial hyperresponsiveness
How do we treat asthma? - ANSWER - Inhalation of B2 agonist, causes smooth muscle
,relaxation via signalling pathway
- Long term: Corticosteroid: Inhibits T-cell activation
How do B2 agonists cause smooth muscle relaxation? - ANSWER - Cause activation of
adenylcyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP
What are histone deacetylase inhibitors used for? - ANSWER - Help with asthma
apparently
- Act on both histone and non-histone proteins
What three signal transduction pathways are associated with RTK's? - ANSWER - PI3
Kinase
- MAP-kinase pathway
- IP3 Pathway
What are the two important growth factors we study? - ANSWER - Hepatocyte GF:
Causes proliferation of epithelial cells, eg. for regeneration of liver, lung etc., also
causes cell migration during embryogenesis
- Vascular Endothelial GF: Causes proliferation of endothelial cells, essential for blood
vessel formation, binds receptor on endothelial cells
(Both are found in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, HGF is found in non-parenchymal
liver cells)
What makes up the interstitial matrix of ECM? - ANSWER - Collagens, fibronectin,
elastin, proteoglycans, hyaluronate
What makes up the basement membrane of ECM? - ANSWER - Type IV collagen, laminin
What does generalised wound healing into a scar involve? - ANSWER - Damage to tissue
- Depositing of granulation tissue (non-functional tissue made of fibroblasts and
connective tissue)
- Eventually becomes ECM via fibrosis
What enzyme can breakdown a scar? - ANSWER - Metalloproteinases, which degrade
ECM
Describe the process of liver regeneration - ANSWER - Kupffer cells secrete IL-6 to
activate labile cells
- Epithelial cells are stimulated by HGF and TGF-alpha to proliferate
What type of collagen would you find early on in a wound, what about towards the end? -
ANSWER - Collagen III then Collagen I
, What is the function of myofibroblasts - ANSWER - Contract wound
Give 4 Factors that allow helicobacter pylori to survive in the stomach - ANSWER - High
mutation rate
- BabA ahesin: Allows adhesion to gastric epithelial cells
- VacA vacuolating cytotoxin: Forms pore in host cells to allow scavenging of urea from
host cells
- CagA (Cytotoxin associated gene A): Circular piece of DNA that carries pathogenicity
island,
- Island codes for appartus that can create pores in host cells, point is to modulate
immune system, also triggers proliferation of epithelial cells
Describe the methods helicobacter pylori has to evade the host immune response -
ANSWER - Change LPS/Flagella
- Bind C-type lectin PRR on immune cells to dampen inflammatory response
- Inhibit NO production by immune cells
- Enzymes that combat oxidative bacteriacides
Which type of Th cell typically responds to helicobacter pylori? - ANSWER - Th1
What can result from a helicobacter pylori infection of the antrum? - ANSWER - Death of
parietal cells, somehow results in more acid that can damage duodenum
- Can lead to colonization of duodenum by helicobacter pylori due to duodenal cells
changing to become gastric-like
How can using an antibody in the stomach to kill bacteria inadvertently cause disease?
Name 2 examples. - ANSWER - Kills antibody-vulnerable bacteria, leaves
antibody-resistant bacteria with no competition and ability to thrive
- Clostridium difficile (Antibody Resistant), Candida albicans (Yeast)
Describe the four areas of the stomach and their secretions - ANSWER - Cardia: At
inferior end of oesophagus, mucin secreting
- Fundus: Superior bulge, acid and enzyme secretion
