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SDSU BIOL 354 Midterm Study Guide questions with verified answers

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SDSU BIOL 354 Midterm Study Guide questions with verified answers

Instelling
BIO 354
Vak
BIO 354

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

SDSU BIOL 354 Midterm Study
Guide questions with verified
answers

What is ecology and how are other disciplines integrated into it? - correct answer ✔Ecology:
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The scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of
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organisms


Disciplines ||||||




Genetics: The study of genes and inheritance in living organisms
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Evolution: Changes in any attribute of a population over time (leads to adaptation and
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involves a change in the frequency of individual genes in a population from generation to
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generation)
Physiological Ecology: Studies the biochemical, physical, and mechanical |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




adaptations/limitations of plants and animals to their physical and chemical environments |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Behavior: Study of behavior due to environmental pressures usually in an evolutionary
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context


How are the approaches to ecology related to one another and to answering questions in
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




ecology? - correct answer ✔Descriptive: mainly natural history and describes the vegetation
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groups of the world (tundra, tropical rain forest, etc) and the animals and plants and their
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interactions within each of these ecosystems |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




- This is the foundational approach of all ecological science (most of the world has been well
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described, but some areas still remain to be studied)
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,Functional: Oriented towards dynamics and relationships and seeks to identify/analyze
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general problems common to most ecosystems (deals with populations and communities as
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they exist and can be measured now)
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- Studies proximate causes; the dynamic responses of populations and communities to
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immediate factors of the environment |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




-They ask HOW |||||| ||||||




Evolutionary: studies ultimate causes, the historical reasons why natural selection has |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




favored the particular adaptation |||||| |||||| ||||||




- Must work closely with functional ecologists
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-They ask WHY |||||| ||||||




How are the three methods of approach to ecology interrelated? - correct answer
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




✔Theoretical, Laboratory, and Field |||||| |||||| ||||||




- These three can have conflicting fronts
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What are the steps involved in the scientific method and why is it important? - correct
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




answer ✔A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating
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a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
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-Natural history observations, question, hypothesis, prediction, experimental design, data
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collection/analysis, comparing predictions/data, hypothesis confirmation/rejection |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




How are ecology and evolution connected? - correct answer ✔
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




What are the three different types of natural selection? - correct answer ✔Directional:
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Phenotype at ONE extreme are selected (produces geneotypic changes ie artificial selection)
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Stabilizing: Phenotype near the mean of the population are fitter than those at either
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




extreme (mortality rates in babies ie weights) |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||

, Disruptive: The extremes are favored against the mean |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Why is clutch size considered a classic ecological problem? - correct answer ✔
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




How are coevolution and arms race interconnected? - correct answer ✔Coevolution: A trait
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of species A has evolved in response to a trait of species B, which in turn has evolved in
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




response to species A |||||| |||||| ||||||




- Specific and reciprocal
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- Provides important linkages to ecology
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Arms Race: A reciprocal interaction between species
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- Species A evolves better adaptations to exploit species B, the latter fights back by evolving
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




adaptations to thwart the improvements in species A |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




-predator-prey interactions can be co-evolutionary |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




What are transplant experiments and what do they tell us? - correct answer ✔Transplant
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Experiment: Moving species to an unoccupied area |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




-Should follow the experiment through at least one complete generation
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Successful: inaccessible, time has been too short, not recognizing suitable living area |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




-the potential range of the species is larger than its actual range
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Unsuccessful: other species, physical and chemical factors |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




How does Shelford's Law of Tolerance explain distribution? - correct answer ✔The
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




distribution of a species will be controlled by that environmental factor for which the |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




organism has the narrowest range of tolerance |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




What complications arise when determining Tolerance Limits? - correct answer ✔Limitations
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




imposed by physical or chemical factors
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BIO 354

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