1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NURS1005 Final Exam Study Guide Q&As ................................................................................................................1
Biomolecules ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
GI System ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Respiratory System .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Cardiovascular System ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Immune System .................................................................................................................................................................................11
Renal System .....................................................................................................................................................................................15
Nervous System .................................................................................................................................................................................17
Endocrine System ..............................................................................................................................................................................20
Obesity ...............................................................................................................................................................................................22
NURS1005 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Q&AS
BIOMOLECULES
Identify the products that macromolecules (fat, protein, carbohydrates) are broken down into during catabolism.
CARBOHYDRATES (polysaccharides → glucose)
• provides raw energy needed for energy production + fuels a number of processes
• catabolism occurs during digestion
• monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharides (used as storage product)
FATS → fatty acids + glycerol
• Triglycerides + Phospholipids
o protect internal organs + insulate + store energy fuels
o triglyceride → phospholipid (cell membrane)
• Cholesterol
o stabilize cell membrane (fluid mosaic model)
o synthesizes → sex hormones, vitamin D, bile
PROTEINS → amino acids
• responsible for many physiological features
• 20 amino acids building blocks
• Primary Structure → sequence of amino acid (polypeptide chain)
• Secondary Structure → polypeptide chain either pleats (beta pleated sheets) OR folds (alpha helix)
o held by hydrogen bond = weak + easily broken
• Tertiary Structure → conformation → side chains of amino acids fold, curls (stronger than hydrogen bond)
o factors affecting bonds → pH, temperature, chemical environment, concentration
• Quaternary Structure → two or more polypeptide chains binds to form complete unit
• enzyme: special proteins that speed up bodily functions
, 2
DISCUSS WHY HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS ARE MORE PRONE TO MALNUTRITION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION.
Malnutrition: lack of nourishment from adequate number of kilojoules (calories), proteins, vitamins, minerals + caused
by improper diet, alterations in digestion or absorption, or combination of these factors
• malnutrition seen in hospital → combination of cachexia (disease related body wasting) + malnutrition
• illnesses that lead to reduced intake of food e.g. old age, malignant and chronic diseases
o Old age → number of taste buds decline, eating itself is a strenuous activity, salivary secretions
decrease, decrease in motility of esophagus + stomach
o state of mental health
o less mobility → weight loss
o GI disorders
o hospital food does not always necessarily taste good
GI SYSTEM
DESCRIBE THE PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS THAT LEADS TO VOMITING.
Vomiting: forceful emptying of stomach and intestinal contents (chyme) through the mouth
• protective response to a number of factors that may be potentially harmful to the body
• coordinates sensory stimuli → directs motor output to muscle involved
Stimuli → distention (stretching) stomach + duodenum, severe pain, unpleasant sight + odors, fear, chemoreceptor
trigger zone (from GI tract e.g. contaminated food, toxic substances, chemotherapy)
Clinical Manifestation
• deep inspiration → diaphragm lowered = abdominal muscle contraction (glottis closes)
• leads to increased abdominal pressure
• lower esophageal sphincter relaxes + reverse peristalsis of duodenum (chyme forced from stomach/duodenum
into esophagus)
• contractions of the abdominal muscles extremely strong → forces diaphragm high into thoracic cavity (retching)
• upper esophageal sphincter forced to open → chyme expelled from mouth
• upper part of esophagus contracts → force remaining chyme back into the stomach + lower esophageal
sphincter closes
Physical Alterations
• alterations to GI tract → motility slows down
• trauma
OUTLINE THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS THAT YOU MAY OBSERVE IN A PATIENT WHO HAS EXPERIENCED SEVERE VOMITING
FOR SEVERAL DAYS
• disturbances in hydration, electrolytes and acid-base balance can become severe consequences of of vomiting
• retching
• nausea
, 3
DISCUSS THE COMPLICATIONS THAT CAN RESULT FROM UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING : bleeding in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum (first part of small intestine)
• bright red bleeding affected by stomach acids
• bleeding varicose veins in esophagus, peptic ulcers
LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING : bleeding in jejunum, ileum, colon or rectum
• caused by polyps, inflammatory disease, cancer
Complications
• hematemesis (vomiting blood)
• hypovolemic shock (severe blood loss) - best way to look for it is measuring blood pressure
• oliguria (low urine output) → diminished blood flow to kidneys
• diarrhea → accumulation of blood in GI tract is irritating and increases peristalsis
• melaena → black or tarry stools that are sticky + foul odor → result from partial digestion of blood components
• anemia → lack of healthy red blood cells
DISCUSS THE PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS THAT CAN LEAD TO INCREASED GASTRIC ACID PRODUCTION
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE : break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum
• exposes submucosal area to gastric secretions + auto-digestion (digestion of gut mucosa by the body’s
secretions)
Factors that increase gastric acid production
• increase in the number of chief (pepsinogen - digestive enzyme) and parietal cells (secrete hydrochloric acid)
• decrease in the inhibition of gastric secretions
• increased sensitivity to food/other stimuli e.g. caffeine, histamine
• excessive vagal stimulation (stress)
DISCUSS THE TREATMENTS THAT COULD BE USED TO ALLEVIATE SYMPTOMS OBSERVED IN CELIAC DISEASE AND LACTOSE
INTOLERANCE (NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS)
CELIAC DISEASE : loss of mature intestinal villi caused by hypersensitivity to gluten (protein component of cereal, grains)
→ malabsorption
• diarrhea early symptom
• abdominal pain
• can lead to malnutrition
• Treatment:
o immediate + permanent institution of a diet free of cereal grains e.g. wheat, rye, barley oats
o may need vitamin D, iron, folic acid supplements to treat deficiencies (infants)
o patient education → can result in lactose intolerance (destruction fo villi where enzyme lactase is
located)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NURS1005 Final Exam Study Guide Q&As ................................................................................................................1
Biomolecules ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
GI System ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Respiratory System .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Cardiovascular System ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Immune System .................................................................................................................................................................................11
Renal System .....................................................................................................................................................................................15
Nervous System .................................................................................................................................................................................17
Endocrine System ..............................................................................................................................................................................20
Obesity ...............................................................................................................................................................................................22
NURS1005 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Q&AS
BIOMOLECULES
Identify the products that macromolecules (fat, protein, carbohydrates) are broken down into during catabolism.
CARBOHYDRATES (polysaccharides → glucose)
• provides raw energy needed for energy production + fuels a number of processes
• catabolism occurs during digestion
• monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharides (used as storage product)
FATS → fatty acids + glycerol
• Triglycerides + Phospholipids
o protect internal organs + insulate + store energy fuels
o triglyceride → phospholipid (cell membrane)
• Cholesterol
o stabilize cell membrane (fluid mosaic model)
o synthesizes → sex hormones, vitamin D, bile
PROTEINS → amino acids
• responsible for many physiological features
• 20 amino acids building blocks
• Primary Structure → sequence of amino acid (polypeptide chain)
• Secondary Structure → polypeptide chain either pleats (beta pleated sheets) OR folds (alpha helix)
o held by hydrogen bond = weak + easily broken
• Tertiary Structure → conformation → side chains of amino acids fold, curls (stronger than hydrogen bond)
o factors affecting bonds → pH, temperature, chemical environment, concentration
• Quaternary Structure → two or more polypeptide chains binds to form complete unit
• enzyme: special proteins that speed up bodily functions
, 2
DISCUSS WHY HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS ARE MORE PRONE TO MALNUTRITION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION.
Malnutrition: lack of nourishment from adequate number of kilojoules (calories), proteins, vitamins, minerals + caused
by improper diet, alterations in digestion or absorption, or combination of these factors
• malnutrition seen in hospital → combination of cachexia (disease related body wasting) + malnutrition
• illnesses that lead to reduced intake of food e.g. old age, malignant and chronic diseases
o Old age → number of taste buds decline, eating itself is a strenuous activity, salivary secretions
decrease, decrease in motility of esophagus + stomach
o state of mental health
o less mobility → weight loss
o GI disorders
o hospital food does not always necessarily taste good
GI SYSTEM
DESCRIBE THE PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS THAT LEADS TO VOMITING.
Vomiting: forceful emptying of stomach and intestinal contents (chyme) through the mouth
• protective response to a number of factors that may be potentially harmful to the body
• coordinates sensory stimuli → directs motor output to muscle involved
Stimuli → distention (stretching) stomach + duodenum, severe pain, unpleasant sight + odors, fear, chemoreceptor
trigger zone (from GI tract e.g. contaminated food, toxic substances, chemotherapy)
Clinical Manifestation
• deep inspiration → diaphragm lowered = abdominal muscle contraction (glottis closes)
• leads to increased abdominal pressure
• lower esophageal sphincter relaxes + reverse peristalsis of duodenum (chyme forced from stomach/duodenum
into esophagus)
• contractions of the abdominal muscles extremely strong → forces diaphragm high into thoracic cavity (retching)
• upper esophageal sphincter forced to open → chyme expelled from mouth
• upper part of esophagus contracts → force remaining chyme back into the stomach + lower esophageal
sphincter closes
Physical Alterations
• alterations to GI tract → motility slows down
• trauma
OUTLINE THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS THAT YOU MAY OBSERVE IN A PATIENT WHO HAS EXPERIENCED SEVERE VOMITING
FOR SEVERAL DAYS
• disturbances in hydration, electrolytes and acid-base balance can become severe consequences of of vomiting
• retching
• nausea
, 3
DISCUSS THE COMPLICATIONS THAT CAN RESULT FROM UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING : bleeding in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum (first part of small intestine)
• bright red bleeding affected by stomach acids
• bleeding varicose veins in esophagus, peptic ulcers
LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING : bleeding in jejunum, ileum, colon or rectum
• caused by polyps, inflammatory disease, cancer
Complications
• hematemesis (vomiting blood)
• hypovolemic shock (severe blood loss) - best way to look for it is measuring blood pressure
• oliguria (low urine output) → diminished blood flow to kidneys
• diarrhea → accumulation of blood in GI tract is irritating and increases peristalsis
• melaena → black or tarry stools that are sticky + foul odor → result from partial digestion of blood components
• anemia → lack of healthy red blood cells
DISCUSS THE PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS THAT CAN LEAD TO INCREASED GASTRIC ACID PRODUCTION
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE : break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum
• exposes submucosal area to gastric secretions + auto-digestion (digestion of gut mucosa by the body’s
secretions)
Factors that increase gastric acid production
• increase in the number of chief (pepsinogen - digestive enzyme) and parietal cells (secrete hydrochloric acid)
• decrease in the inhibition of gastric secretions
• increased sensitivity to food/other stimuli e.g. caffeine, histamine
• excessive vagal stimulation (stress)
DISCUSS THE TREATMENTS THAT COULD BE USED TO ALLEVIATE SYMPTOMS OBSERVED IN CELIAC DISEASE AND LACTOSE
INTOLERANCE (NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS)
CELIAC DISEASE : loss of mature intestinal villi caused by hypersensitivity to gluten (protein component of cereal, grains)
→ malabsorption
• diarrhea early symptom
• abdominal pain
• can lead to malnutrition
• Treatment:
o immediate + permanent institution of a diet free of cereal grains e.g. wheat, rye, barley oats
o may need vitamin D, iron, folic acid supplements to treat deficiencies (infants)
o patient education → can result in lactose intolerance (destruction fo villi where enzyme lactase is
located)
