Physiological – Emphasis on brain and other
Biological and vital organs.
Physiological o Deals with machinery of the body
Psychology Evolutionary – Focuses upon the genetic
history of a behavior.
o Reconstructs the evolutionary history
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
of a structure of behavior.
⮚ The study of the physiological, o Example: Frightened people get
evolutionary, and developmental goosebumps, animals when their furs
mechanisms of behavior and spike or spread out to emit behavior
experience. (Fear, Power, Authority)
⮚ How does our mind relate to our Ontogenetic – Describes the development
brain activity? of a structure or behavior.
⮚ How do genes perform in shaping
our behavior? (Nature or Nurture) o Raises the influences of genes,
⮚ What are the uses of animals in nutrition, experiences and their
research? interactions in molding the behavior.
⮚ Biopsychology, psychobiology, o The ability to inhibit impulse develops
physiological psychology and gradually from infancy through
behavioral neuroscience teenage years reflecting a gradual
⮚ Not just a field but also a point of maturation from the frontal parts of
view that holds what we think and the brain. (Brain
act as we do because of brain development/structure)
mechanism & we evolve brain Functional – Describes why a structure or
mechanism through time. behavior evolved as it did.
⮚ EMPHASIZES:
o Physiology o Genetic Drift – A dominant male with
o Evolution (Genetics) many offsprings spread all his genes
o Development incl. neutral and harmful ones.
o Brain Functioning o The larger the population, the less
powerful genetic drift is. (More
Brain functioning on a microscopic level: mixture of DNA
neurons and glia, the cells of the brain o Less population, the more genetic
drift is possible
Biological explanations of behavior fall into
four categories:
, specific locations on chromosomes
in the nucleus of cells.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
⮚ A double-stranded chemical that
MENDELIAN GENETICS contains genetic information.
⮚ Genes/chromosomes are composed
Gregor Johann Mendel of DNA
⮚ Discovered the fundamental laws of
inheritance.
⮚ Mendel demonstrated that
inheritance occurs through genes,
units of heredity that maintain their
structural identity from one
generation to another.
⮚ Austrian Mong in 19th Century who
worked for the basic laws of
inheritance through the experiment
of a Peaplant. (He didn’t specifically
study the genes of humans and
animals)
⮚ By accident, he worked on the
experiment of the peaplants.
GENES
⮚ Basic unit of heredity passed from
parent to child.
⮚ Made up of sequences of DNA and
are arranged, one after another, at
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
, ⮚ A single-strand chemical that can Sex-linked Genes – Genes located on the
serve as a template/model for the sex chromosomes
synthesis of proteins.
HUMAN SEX-LINKED GENES
o Proteins determine the
development of the body by: ● Y Chromosome: Genes for 27
forming part of the structure proteins
of the body, serving as ● X Chromosome: Genes for
enzymes that serve as approximately 1500 proteins
biological catalysts and ● Thus, sex-linked genes usually refer to
regulate chemical reactions X-linked genes. (Ex: Red-green color
in the body. deficiency)
● Sex-limited genes are genes that are
One strand of DNA serves as a model for the
present in both sexes but mainly
synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
have an effect on one sex. (Chest
GENES COME IN PAIRS hair, breast size, etc.)
HOMOZYGOUS for a gene means that a
person has an identical pair of
chromosomes on the two chromosomes.
HETEROZYGOUS for a gene means that a
person has an unmatched pair of genes on
the two chromosomes.
Note: Genes can be dominant or recessive
A dominant gene shows a strong effect in
either the homozygous or heterozygous GENETIC VARIATION
condition.
● Recombination refers to a new
A recessive gene shows its effects only in the combination of genes in the spring-
homozygous condition. off that yield characteristics not
found in either parent.
Example: The ability to taste PTC
● Mutation refers to a change in a
(Phenylthiocarbamide), a bitter organic
single gene that is rare, random, and
compound, is dominant.
often independent of the needs of
the organism.
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
● Both genes and environment
interact to shape human behavior.
Autosomal Genes – All genes except for sex-
linked genes
Biological and vital organs.
Physiological o Deals with machinery of the body
Psychology Evolutionary – Focuses upon the genetic
history of a behavior.
o Reconstructs the evolutionary history
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
of a structure of behavior.
⮚ The study of the physiological, o Example: Frightened people get
evolutionary, and developmental goosebumps, animals when their furs
mechanisms of behavior and spike or spread out to emit behavior
experience. (Fear, Power, Authority)
⮚ How does our mind relate to our Ontogenetic – Describes the development
brain activity? of a structure or behavior.
⮚ How do genes perform in shaping
our behavior? (Nature or Nurture) o Raises the influences of genes,
⮚ What are the uses of animals in nutrition, experiences and their
research? interactions in molding the behavior.
⮚ Biopsychology, psychobiology, o The ability to inhibit impulse develops
physiological psychology and gradually from infancy through
behavioral neuroscience teenage years reflecting a gradual
⮚ Not just a field but also a point of maturation from the frontal parts of
view that holds what we think and the brain. (Brain
act as we do because of brain development/structure)
mechanism & we evolve brain Functional – Describes why a structure or
mechanism through time. behavior evolved as it did.
⮚ EMPHASIZES:
o Physiology o Genetic Drift – A dominant male with
o Evolution (Genetics) many offsprings spread all his genes
o Development incl. neutral and harmful ones.
o Brain Functioning o The larger the population, the less
powerful genetic drift is. (More
Brain functioning on a microscopic level: mixture of DNA
neurons and glia, the cells of the brain o Less population, the more genetic
drift is possible
Biological explanations of behavior fall into
four categories:
, specific locations on chromosomes
in the nucleus of cells.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
⮚ A double-stranded chemical that
MENDELIAN GENETICS contains genetic information.
⮚ Genes/chromosomes are composed
Gregor Johann Mendel of DNA
⮚ Discovered the fundamental laws of
inheritance.
⮚ Mendel demonstrated that
inheritance occurs through genes,
units of heredity that maintain their
structural identity from one
generation to another.
⮚ Austrian Mong in 19th Century who
worked for the basic laws of
inheritance through the experiment
of a Peaplant. (He didn’t specifically
study the genes of humans and
animals)
⮚ By accident, he worked on the
experiment of the peaplants.
GENES
⮚ Basic unit of heredity passed from
parent to child.
⮚ Made up of sequences of DNA and
are arranged, one after another, at
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
, ⮚ A single-strand chemical that can Sex-linked Genes – Genes located on the
serve as a template/model for the sex chromosomes
synthesis of proteins.
HUMAN SEX-LINKED GENES
o Proteins determine the
development of the body by: ● Y Chromosome: Genes for 27
forming part of the structure proteins
of the body, serving as ● X Chromosome: Genes for
enzymes that serve as approximately 1500 proteins
biological catalysts and ● Thus, sex-linked genes usually refer to
regulate chemical reactions X-linked genes. (Ex: Red-green color
in the body. deficiency)
● Sex-limited genes are genes that are
One strand of DNA serves as a model for the
present in both sexes but mainly
synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
have an effect on one sex. (Chest
GENES COME IN PAIRS hair, breast size, etc.)
HOMOZYGOUS for a gene means that a
person has an identical pair of
chromosomes on the two chromosomes.
HETEROZYGOUS for a gene means that a
person has an unmatched pair of genes on
the two chromosomes.
Note: Genes can be dominant or recessive
A dominant gene shows a strong effect in
either the homozygous or heterozygous GENETIC VARIATION
condition.
● Recombination refers to a new
A recessive gene shows its effects only in the combination of genes in the spring-
homozygous condition. off that yield characteristics not
found in either parent.
Example: The ability to taste PTC
● Mutation refers to a change in a
(Phenylthiocarbamide), a bitter organic
single gene that is rare, random, and
compound, is dominant.
often independent of the needs of
the organism.
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
● Both genes and environment
interact to shape human behavior.
Autosomal Genes – All genes except for sex-
linked genes
