BIOD 101 FINAL
_____ refers to a reaction that occurs when a biomacromolecule is degraded into two or
more monomers and, as a part of the reaction, a molecule of water is gained. - ANS -
Hydrolysis
\______ is characterized by a ligand traveling a short distance to the target cell. This
type of signaling is important in development and for the secretion of growth factors. -
ANS - Paracrine signaling
\_______ is the process of an antibody binding to the antigen of a pathogen and
preventing it from binding to host cells, while _________ is the process of 'tagging" a
pathogen for removal by a phagocytic cell. - ANS - Neutralization; opsonization
\________ involves the transmission of neurotransmitters, released from a pre-synaptic
cell, across a synaptic cleft where they bind to the post synaptic cells . - ANS -
Synaptic signaling
\________ is a metabolic pathway that occurs in both fermentation and aerobic
respiration - ANS - Glycolysis
\________ is the catabolic process of breaking down glucose for energy and can be
divided into two main forms. - ANS - Fermentation
\________ occurs when an input of energy is required to move substances through the
membrane. - ANS - Active transport
\A _____ is synthesized during G2 which is a region of the cell that is composed of
filament and microtubule fibers that function to organize microtubules for cell division. -
ANS - Centrosome
\A baby is born and the doctor pronounces the weight as 7 pounds 0 ounces. Using the
metric system, how will this value appear in the infant's medical chart? - ANS - 1 lbs =
2.2kg
7/2.2 = 3.18kg
\A cell and it's extracellular environment are in _____ and ______ equilibrium. - ANS -
1. Electrical
2. chemical
\A cell containing 22 autosomes and 1 sex cell is what kind of cell? - ANS - Gamete,
or sex cell
\A cell containing 44 autosomes and 2 sex cells is what kind of cell? - ANS - Somatic
cell
\A H+ (protons) move down its gradient, the only place the proton can cross through the
membrane is at _______ sites. - ANS - ATP synthase
\A ligand: (choose all that apply) - ANS - 1. Can be a variety of different molecules
2. Show specificity for target receptors
,3. Acts as a "message" for the target cell
\A light microscope has an eye piece magnification of 10X, and the objective lens is set
to 30X. What is the total magnification? - ANS - 300X
\A phosphorylation cascade is characterized by _______ phosphorylation - ANS -
Sequential
\a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference
between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - ANS - a. CHO
b. 2:1
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not
functional groups.
\a. explain how facilitated diffusion is the same as active transport and
b. how it is different in regard to the concentration gradient, cell membrane proteins and
energy. - ANS - a. facilitated diffusion and active transport both utilize carrier and
channel proteins to move molecules across the gradient
b. The key difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion is that the active
transport occurs against the concentration gradient hence, utilizes energy to transport
molecules across the membrane while the facilitated diffusion occurs along the
concentration gradient hence, does not utilize energy to transport molecules across the
membrane.
\a. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide.
b. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in DNA and what are the
corresponding types that are found in RNA? - ANS - a. sugar, phosphate group,
nitrogenous base
b. DNA- deoxyribose- phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
RNA- ribose -phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
\abdominal cavity - ANS - contains primarily the major organs of digestion
\Active transport is vital for moving _______ (sugars, lipids, and amino acids) into the
cell, as most _______ into the cell. - ANS - 1. Essential nutrients
2. Cannot diffuse
\Adding stains or dyes to specimens increases: - ANS - Contrast
\After fertilization a ______ is formed. - ANS - Zygote
\All G proteins share the role of _______ _____ to _____ - ANS - hydrolyzing
(breaking down), GTP, GDP
\All of the following are electron carriers within the electron transport chain EXCEPT: -
ANS - Water
,\All organisms of Animalia share what characteristics? Name at least three. - ANS -
Multicellular, heterotrophic, and lack a cell wall
\An example of simple diffusion in the human body is: - ANS - Movement of gases (o2
and CO2) across the cell membrane
\Animalia can be classified in terms of development after fertilization and may be
______ or _______. - ANS - 1. Protostomes
2. Deuterostomes
\Animals are often grouped by ______ which may be spherical, radial, or bilateral. -
ANS - Body plans
\Antibacterial medication for gram - bacteria - ANS - are more difficult to eradicate b/c
the outer membrane protects the peptidoglycan cell wall. are resistant to penicillin type
drugs; more effective drugs must be selected to target protein synthesis or nucleoid acid
synthesis within the bacterial cell
\Antibacterial medication for gram + bacteria. - ANS - penicillin b/c it interferes with the
cross-linkages of the peptidoglycan sugars, resulting in a faulty non-functional cell wall
\Antibodies DO NOT directly kill pathogens but facilitates the processes of 1. ____
2._____ 3._____ - ANS - neutralization, opsonization, complete activation
\As a chemical reaction proceeds, enzymes act as ______ to increase the rate of the
reaction by ______ The activation energy. - ANS - Catalyst, lowering
\As a solute concentrations increases, it would take _____ amounts of pressure to
prevent osmosis across the semi-permeable membrane. - ANS - Increasing
\At the conclusion of glycolysis pyruvate is actively transported to the: - ANS -
Mitochondria
\At the end meiosis 2 how many daughter cells are produced? - ANS - 4 haploid
daughter cells with unduplicated chromatids
\Autotrophic prokaryotes are responsible for releasing ___ into the atmosphere and
releasing (or fixing) atmospheric ___ into a useable form - ANS - Oxygen, Nitrogen
\Be able to label the diagram of the cell membrane and understand that cell membranes
are mostly polar and hydrophilic on the surfaces (inner and outer), and nonpolar and
hydrophobic in the core. - ANS -
\Because Gram-positive cells have a simple cell wall composed of a thick peptidoglycan
layer, they will appear _______ after the Gram-stain procedure. - ANS - Deep purple
\Briefly compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. - ANS - Aerobic
respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, whereas, anaerobic reactions do not
require oxygen. Both reactions produce ATP, however, aerobic respiration yields
substantially more. Also, both reactions use glycolysis as their first step
\Briefly describe Phenylketonuria (PKU). - ANS - Rare, genetic condition in which
newborn can't breakdown alanine and results in a toxic build that can be fatal if not
treated.
, \Briefly describe the action of the ATP synthase beginning with the stator and ending
with the generation of ATP - ANS - H+ protons flow down the gradient and enter the
stator. As they enter, they bind to the rotor causing a conformational change and
mechanical spin of the rotor and rod. As the catayltic knob rotates, it exposes enzymes
and catalytic sites. In due, brings ADP into contact with the Pi molecules generating
ATP.
\Briefly describe the main features of the bacterial cell wall - ANS - Alternating sugars
of NAM (N-acetylglucosamine) and NAG (N-acetylmuramic acid) cross-linked together
by polypeptides
\Calcium is a useful second messenger because: - ANS - Many proteins have sites to
bind calcium
\Cats, monkeys, and humans are in the same class, but only humans and monkeys
share the same _______. - ANS - Order
\Cellular respiration consists of all of the following reactions EXCEPT: - ANS -
Fermentation
\Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen is called __________. - ANS -
Anaerobic respiration
\Cellular respiration, in its totality, generates 2-4 molecules of ATP. - ANS - FALSE
\Cholesterol within a cell membrane does each of the following except: - ANS -
Increase surface area
\Choose the answer that shows the correct order of events of a B-cell responding to a
pathogen: - ANS - Naive B-cell —-> mature B cell —-> plasma cell ——> antibodies
\Choose the correct statement: - ANS - monera can be pathogenic to some other
kingdoms and non-pathogenic to others
\Clones are retained as what two main groups of cells? (Select all that apply) - ANS -
Effector cells
Long-term memory cells
\cocci arranged in chains are called _______ and clusters called ________ - ANS -
strepto- , staphlyo-
\Compare Mitosis and Meiosis. - ANS - Be able to name 3 of the following:
1. DNA replication: occurs during interphase in mitosis and meiosis I, but not in meiosis
II
2. Number of divisions: One in mitosis, two in meiosis
3. Synapsis: does not occur in mitosis; occurs during prophase I of meiosis along with
crossing-over of non-sister chromatids
4. Number of daughter cells: 2 in mitosis, 4 in meiosis
5. How daughter cells compare to parent cell: exactly the same in mitosis, genetically
distinct in meiosis
\Complete the following:
Animalia
_____ refers to a reaction that occurs when a biomacromolecule is degraded into two or
more monomers and, as a part of the reaction, a molecule of water is gained. - ANS -
Hydrolysis
\______ is characterized by a ligand traveling a short distance to the target cell. This
type of signaling is important in development and for the secretion of growth factors. -
ANS - Paracrine signaling
\_______ is the process of an antibody binding to the antigen of a pathogen and
preventing it from binding to host cells, while _________ is the process of 'tagging" a
pathogen for removal by a phagocytic cell. - ANS - Neutralization; opsonization
\________ involves the transmission of neurotransmitters, released from a pre-synaptic
cell, across a synaptic cleft where they bind to the post synaptic cells . - ANS -
Synaptic signaling
\________ is a metabolic pathway that occurs in both fermentation and aerobic
respiration - ANS - Glycolysis
\________ is the catabolic process of breaking down glucose for energy and can be
divided into two main forms. - ANS - Fermentation
\________ occurs when an input of energy is required to move substances through the
membrane. - ANS - Active transport
\A _____ is synthesized during G2 which is a region of the cell that is composed of
filament and microtubule fibers that function to organize microtubules for cell division. -
ANS - Centrosome
\A baby is born and the doctor pronounces the weight as 7 pounds 0 ounces. Using the
metric system, how will this value appear in the infant's medical chart? - ANS - 1 lbs =
2.2kg
7/2.2 = 3.18kg
\A cell and it's extracellular environment are in _____ and ______ equilibrium. - ANS -
1. Electrical
2. chemical
\A cell containing 22 autosomes and 1 sex cell is what kind of cell? - ANS - Gamete,
or sex cell
\A cell containing 44 autosomes and 2 sex cells is what kind of cell? - ANS - Somatic
cell
\A H+ (protons) move down its gradient, the only place the proton can cross through the
membrane is at _______ sites. - ANS - ATP synthase
\A ligand: (choose all that apply) - ANS - 1. Can be a variety of different molecules
2. Show specificity for target receptors
,3. Acts as a "message" for the target cell
\A light microscope has an eye piece magnification of 10X, and the objective lens is set
to 30X. What is the total magnification? - ANS - 300X
\A phosphorylation cascade is characterized by _______ phosphorylation - ANS -
Sequential
\a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference
between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - ANS - a. CHO
b. 2:1
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not
functional groups.
\a. explain how facilitated diffusion is the same as active transport and
b. how it is different in regard to the concentration gradient, cell membrane proteins and
energy. - ANS - a. facilitated diffusion and active transport both utilize carrier and
channel proteins to move molecules across the gradient
b. The key difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion is that the active
transport occurs against the concentration gradient hence, utilizes energy to transport
molecules across the membrane while the facilitated diffusion occurs along the
concentration gradient hence, does not utilize energy to transport molecules across the
membrane.
\a. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide.
b. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in DNA and what are the
corresponding types that are found in RNA? - ANS - a. sugar, phosphate group,
nitrogenous base
b. DNA- deoxyribose- phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
RNA- ribose -phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
\abdominal cavity - ANS - contains primarily the major organs of digestion
\Active transport is vital for moving _______ (sugars, lipids, and amino acids) into the
cell, as most _______ into the cell. - ANS - 1. Essential nutrients
2. Cannot diffuse
\Adding stains or dyes to specimens increases: - ANS - Contrast
\After fertilization a ______ is formed. - ANS - Zygote
\All G proteins share the role of _______ _____ to _____ - ANS - hydrolyzing
(breaking down), GTP, GDP
\All of the following are electron carriers within the electron transport chain EXCEPT: -
ANS - Water
,\All organisms of Animalia share what characteristics? Name at least three. - ANS -
Multicellular, heterotrophic, and lack a cell wall
\An example of simple diffusion in the human body is: - ANS - Movement of gases (o2
and CO2) across the cell membrane
\Animalia can be classified in terms of development after fertilization and may be
______ or _______. - ANS - 1. Protostomes
2. Deuterostomes
\Animals are often grouped by ______ which may be spherical, radial, or bilateral. -
ANS - Body plans
\Antibacterial medication for gram - bacteria - ANS - are more difficult to eradicate b/c
the outer membrane protects the peptidoglycan cell wall. are resistant to penicillin type
drugs; more effective drugs must be selected to target protein synthesis or nucleoid acid
synthesis within the bacterial cell
\Antibacterial medication for gram + bacteria. - ANS - penicillin b/c it interferes with the
cross-linkages of the peptidoglycan sugars, resulting in a faulty non-functional cell wall
\Antibodies DO NOT directly kill pathogens but facilitates the processes of 1. ____
2._____ 3._____ - ANS - neutralization, opsonization, complete activation
\As a chemical reaction proceeds, enzymes act as ______ to increase the rate of the
reaction by ______ The activation energy. - ANS - Catalyst, lowering
\As a solute concentrations increases, it would take _____ amounts of pressure to
prevent osmosis across the semi-permeable membrane. - ANS - Increasing
\At the conclusion of glycolysis pyruvate is actively transported to the: - ANS -
Mitochondria
\At the end meiosis 2 how many daughter cells are produced? - ANS - 4 haploid
daughter cells with unduplicated chromatids
\Autotrophic prokaryotes are responsible for releasing ___ into the atmosphere and
releasing (or fixing) atmospheric ___ into a useable form - ANS - Oxygen, Nitrogen
\Be able to label the diagram of the cell membrane and understand that cell membranes
are mostly polar and hydrophilic on the surfaces (inner and outer), and nonpolar and
hydrophobic in the core. - ANS -
\Because Gram-positive cells have a simple cell wall composed of a thick peptidoglycan
layer, they will appear _______ after the Gram-stain procedure. - ANS - Deep purple
\Briefly compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. - ANS - Aerobic
respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, whereas, anaerobic reactions do not
require oxygen. Both reactions produce ATP, however, aerobic respiration yields
substantially more. Also, both reactions use glycolysis as their first step
\Briefly describe Phenylketonuria (PKU). - ANS - Rare, genetic condition in which
newborn can't breakdown alanine and results in a toxic build that can be fatal if not
treated.
, \Briefly describe the action of the ATP synthase beginning with the stator and ending
with the generation of ATP - ANS - H+ protons flow down the gradient and enter the
stator. As they enter, they bind to the rotor causing a conformational change and
mechanical spin of the rotor and rod. As the catayltic knob rotates, it exposes enzymes
and catalytic sites. In due, brings ADP into contact with the Pi molecules generating
ATP.
\Briefly describe the main features of the bacterial cell wall - ANS - Alternating sugars
of NAM (N-acetylglucosamine) and NAG (N-acetylmuramic acid) cross-linked together
by polypeptides
\Calcium is a useful second messenger because: - ANS - Many proteins have sites to
bind calcium
\Cats, monkeys, and humans are in the same class, but only humans and monkeys
share the same _______. - ANS - Order
\Cellular respiration consists of all of the following reactions EXCEPT: - ANS -
Fermentation
\Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen is called __________. - ANS -
Anaerobic respiration
\Cellular respiration, in its totality, generates 2-4 molecules of ATP. - ANS - FALSE
\Cholesterol within a cell membrane does each of the following except: - ANS -
Increase surface area
\Choose the answer that shows the correct order of events of a B-cell responding to a
pathogen: - ANS - Naive B-cell —-> mature B cell —-> plasma cell ——> antibodies
\Choose the correct statement: - ANS - monera can be pathogenic to some other
kingdoms and non-pathogenic to others
\Clones are retained as what two main groups of cells? (Select all that apply) - ANS -
Effector cells
Long-term memory cells
\cocci arranged in chains are called _______ and clusters called ________ - ANS -
strepto- , staphlyo-
\Compare Mitosis and Meiosis. - ANS - Be able to name 3 of the following:
1. DNA replication: occurs during interphase in mitosis and meiosis I, but not in meiosis
II
2. Number of divisions: One in mitosis, two in meiosis
3. Synapsis: does not occur in mitosis; occurs during prophase I of meiosis along with
crossing-over of non-sister chromatids
4. Number of daughter cells: 2 in mitosis, 4 in meiosis
5. How daughter cells compare to parent cell: exactly the same in mitosis, genetically
distinct in meiosis
\Complete the following:
Animalia
