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,PEARSON EDEXCEL A LEVEL
ICS A
N OM
CO
E Edition PETER SMITH
PETER DAVIS
Fif th MARWAN MIKDADI
, In order to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the associated Pearson qualification,
it has been through a review process by the awarding body. This process confirms that this resource fully
covers the teaching and learning content of the specification or part of a specification at which it is aimed.
It also confirms that it demonstrates an appropriate balance between the development of subject skills,
knowledge and understanding, in addition to preparation for assessment.
Endorsement does not cover any guidance on assessment activities or processes (e.g. practice questions or
advice on how to answer assessment questions), included in the resource nor does it prescribe any particular
approach to the teaching or delivery of a related course.
While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the qualification and its assessment
is accurate, the official specification and associated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative
source of information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance.
Pearson examiners have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant to examination papers for
which they have responsibility.
Examiners will not use endorsed resources as a source of material for any assessment set by Pearson.
Endorsement of a resource does not mean that the resource is required to achieve this Pearson qualification,
nor does it mean that it is the only suitable material available to support the qualification, and any resource
lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other appropriate resources.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press,
Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is
sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in
the URL window of your browser.
Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from
wood grown in well-managed forests and other controlled sources. The logging and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.
Orders: please contact Hachette UK Distribution, Hely Hutchinson Centre, Milton Road, Didcot,
Oxfordshire, OX11 7HH. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827827. Email .
Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Friday. You can also order through our website:
www.hoddereducation.co.uk
ISBN: 978 1 3983 7471 3
© Peter Smith, Peter Davis and Marwan Mikdadi
First published in 2008
This edition published in 2023 by
Hodder Education,
An Hachette UK Company
Carmelite House
50 Victoria Embankment
London EC4Y 0DZ
www.hoddereducation.co.uk
Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2027 2026 2025 2024 2023
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited.
Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright
Licensing Agency Limited, www.cla.co.uk
Cover photo © Manjik photography – stock.adobe.com
Typeset in India by Aptara, Inc.
Illustrations by Aptara, Inc.
Printed in Bosnia & Herzegovina
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
,PEARSON EDEXCEL A LEVEL
ICS A
N OM
CO
E Edition PETER SMITH
PETER DAVIS
Fif th MARWAN MIKDADI
, In order to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the associated Pearson qualification,
it has been through a review process by the awarding body. This process confirms that this resource fully
covers the teaching and learning content of the specification or part of a specification at which it is aimed.
It also confirms that it demonstrates an appropriate balance between the development of subject skills,
knowledge and understanding, in addition to preparation for assessment.
Endorsement does not cover any guidance on assessment activities or processes (e.g. practice questions or
advice on how to answer assessment questions), included in the resource nor does it prescribe any particular
approach to the teaching or delivery of a related course.
While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the qualification and its assessment
is accurate, the official specification and associated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative
source of information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance.
Pearson examiners have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant to examination papers for
which they have responsibility.
Examiners will not use endorsed resources as a source of material for any assessment set by Pearson.
Endorsement of a resource does not mean that the resource is required to achieve this Pearson qualification,
nor does it mean that it is the only suitable material available to support the qualification, and any resource
lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other appropriate resources.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press,
Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is
sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in
the URL window of your browser.
Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from
wood grown in well-managed forests and other controlled sources. The logging and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.
Orders: please contact Hachette UK Distribution, Hely Hutchinson Centre, Milton Road, Didcot,
Oxfordshire, OX11 7HH. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827827. Email .
Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Friday. You can also order through our website:
www.hoddereducation.co.uk
ISBN: 978 1 3983 7471 3
© Peter Smith, Peter Davis and Marwan Mikdadi
First published in 2008
This edition published in 2023 by
Hodder Education,
An Hachette UK Company
Carmelite House
50 Victoria Embankment
London EC4Y 0DZ
www.hoddereducation.co.uk
Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2027 2026 2025 2024 2023
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited.
Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright
Licensing Agency Limited, www.cla.co.uk
Cover photo © Manjik photography – stock.adobe.com
Typeset in India by Aptara, Inc.
Illustrations by Aptara, Inc.
Printed in Bosnia & Herzegovina
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
