Psychology (12th Ed. David G. Myers and C. Nathan
DeWall) Chapter 1
1. the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have
foreseen it. (also known as the I-Knew-It -All-Along Phenomenon):
Hindsight Bias
2. tendency to misperceive results based on expected outcome (typically
unintentional). example = Clever Hans (the horse): Experimentar Bias
3. cues that tell the participant what is expected of him/her: Demand
Characteristics
4. a tendency to seek information that confirms one's preconceptions:
Confirmation Bias
5. an explanation using an intergrated set of principles that organizes
observations and predicts behaviors or events: Theory
6. an explanation that fits many observations and makes valid predictions.
must be falsifiable, must be supported by evidence, can never be proven
true. usually evaluated in terms of 3 criteria: simplicity/parsimony,
comprehensiveness, and applicability/generalizability: Scientific Theory
7. facts explain things that have already happened, theories predict. example
= every dog you have ever seen is brown (fact), all dogs are brown
(theory): Fact vs. Theory
8. a testable predisction, often implied by a theory: Hypothesis
9. a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in
a research study. for example, human intelligence may be operationally
defined as what an intelligence test measures: Oprational Definition
10. repeating the esence of a research study, usually with different
participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be
reproduced: Replication
1/5
, Psychology (12th Ed. David G. Myers and C. Nathan
DeWall) Chapter 1
11. a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in
depth in the hope of revealing universal principles: Case Study
12. a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally
occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation:
Naturalistic Observation
13. pro: real-life behavior, con: why act that way?: Behavioral Observations
14. pro: hard to fake, con: what does it really mean?: Physiological Measures
15. pro: can ask why, con: willing and able problem: Self-Reports (Survey)
16. a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an
equal chance of inclusion: Random Sample
17. a set of individuals selected from the population: Sample
18. a set of all the individual of interest in a particular study: Population
19. a group chosen because of its ease of study: Convenience Sample
20. study of the naturally-occurring relationships among variables.
correlation is different than causation: Correlational
21. a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 +
1.00): Correlation Coefficient
22. variables move in the same direction (either both increase or both
decrease): Positive Correlation
23. variable go in opposite directions (as one goes up, the other goes down):
Negative Correlation
2/5
DeWall) Chapter 1
1. the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have
foreseen it. (also known as the I-Knew-It -All-Along Phenomenon):
Hindsight Bias
2. tendency to misperceive results based on expected outcome (typically
unintentional). example = Clever Hans (the horse): Experimentar Bias
3. cues that tell the participant what is expected of him/her: Demand
Characteristics
4. a tendency to seek information that confirms one's preconceptions:
Confirmation Bias
5. an explanation using an intergrated set of principles that organizes
observations and predicts behaviors or events: Theory
6. an explanation that fits many observations and makes valid predictions.
must be falsifiable, must be supported by evidence, can never be proven
true. usually evaluated in terms of 3 criteria: simplicity/parsimony,
comprehensiveness, and applicability/generalizability: Scientific Theory
7. facts explain things that have already happened, theories predict. example
= every dog you have ever seen is brown (fact), all dogs are brown
(theory): Fact vs. Theory
8. a testable predisction, often implied by a theory: Hypothesis
9. a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in
a research study. for example, human intelligence may be operationally
defined as what an intelligence test measures: Oprational Definition
10. repeating the esence of a research study, usually with different
participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be
reproduced: Replication
1/5
, Psychology (12th Ed. David G. Myers and C. Nathan
DeWall) Chapter 1
11. a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in
depth in the hope of revealing universal principles: Case Study
12. a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally
occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation:
Naturalistic Observation
13. pro: real-life behavior, con: why act that way?: Behavioral Observations
14. pro: hard to fake, con: what does it really mean?: Physiological Measures
15. pro: can ask why, con: willing and able problem: Self-Reports (Survey)
16. a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an
equal chance of inclusion: Random Sample
17. a set of individuals selected from the population: Sample
18. a set of all the individual of interest in a particular study: Population
19. a group chosen because of its ease of study: Convenience Sample
20. study of the naturally-occurring relationships among variables.
correlation is different than causation: Correlational
21. a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 +
1.00): Correlation Coefficient
22. variables move in the same direction (either both increase or both
decrease): Positive Correlation
23. variable go in opposite directions (as one goes up, the other goes down):
Negative Correlation
2/5
