BSNC 3000 MODULE 1: NCLEX MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1) What is the purpose of putting the patient as NPO prior to surgery?
a. Improves circulation
b. Reduces the risk of aspiration
c. Optimizes oxygen-carrying capacity
d. Increases motility of the GI tract -- Correct Answer ✔✔ b. Reduces the
risk of aspiration
2) What is the primary glucocorticoid hormone involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-
adrenal (HPA) response?
a. Epinephrine
b. Cortisol
c. Thyroxine
d. Insulin -- Correct Answer ✔✔ b. Cortisol
3) Which of the following statements accurately describes the timing of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response?
a. The HPA response has a rapid onset and short duration.
b. The HPA response has a slow onset and long duration.
c. The HPA response occurs within minutes of a stressor.
d. The HPA response peaks within 15 minutes of a stressor. -- Correct
Answer ✔✔ b. The HPA response has a slow onset and long duration.
4) Which of the following is a physiological effect of cortisol release during the stress
response?
a. Decreased blood glucose levels
, b. Inhibition of protein breakdown
c. Enhanced immune function
d. Increased bone breakdown -- Correct Answer ✔✔ d. Increased bone
breakdown
5) How do catecholamines and cortisol contribute to the body's response to potential
injury?
a. By decreasing coagulability to prevent excessive clot formation
b. By promoting protein synthesis for enhanced wound healing
c. By increasing coagulability to facilitate clot formation
d. By suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators -- Correct Answer
✔✔ c. By increasing coagulability to facilitate clot formation
6) How does cortisol's effect on protein catabolism impact wound healing?
a. It promotes protein synthesis, facilitating muscle strength and wound
closure.
b. It accelerates wound healing by increasing collagen production.
c. It interferes with protein synthesis needed for wound healing, leading to
muscle weakness.
d. It stimulates fibroblast activity, promoting tissue regeneration. -- Correct
Answer ✔✔ c. It interferes with protein synthesis needed for wound
healing, leading to muscle weakness.
7) Which hormone is involved in the stress response and leads to increased
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis?
a. Aldosterone
b. ADH
c. Growth hormone
d. Glucagon -- Correct Answer ✔✔ d. Glucagon
8) What effect does aldosterone have during the physiological stress response (PSR)?
a. Increased renal sodium excretion
, b. Decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys
c. Increased potassium retention in the urine
d. Increased blood pressure -- Correct Answer ✔✔ d. Increased blood
pressure
9) Which hormone exhibits increased secretion during the physiological stress
response (PSR) and is responsible for vasoconstriction and renal water reabsorption?
a. Aldosterone
b. ADH
c. Growth hormone
d. Glucagon -- Correct Answer ✔✔ b. ADH
10) What effect does the physiological stress response (PSR) have on insulin sensitivity
following surgery?
a. There is a permanent increase in insulin sensitivity.
b. Insulin sensitivity remains unchanged.
c. There is a transient decrease in insulin sensitivity.
d. Insulin sensitivity improves gradually over weeks. -- Correct Answer ✔✔
c. There is a transient decrease in insulin sensitivity.
11) What is the relationship between the severity of surgery and insulin resistance?
a. Insulin resistance decreases with the severity of surgery.
b. Insulin resistance remains constant regardless of the severity of surgery.
c. Insulin resistance increases with the severity of surgery.
d. Insulin resistance is not affected by the severity of surgery. -- Correct
Answer ✔✔ c. Insulin resistance increases with the severity of surgery.
12) How does carbohydrate loading affect insulin resistance resulting from surgery?
a. Carbohydrate loading has no effect on insulin resistance.
b. Carbohydrate loading exacerbates insulin resistance.
c. Carbohydrate loading decreases insulin resistance.
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1) What is the purpose of putting the patient as NPO prior to surgery?
a. Improves circulation
b. Reduces the risk of aspiration
c. Optimizes oxygen-carrying capacity
d. Increases motility of the GI tract -- Correct Answer ✔✔ b. Reduces the
risk of aspiration
2) What is the primary glucocorticoid hormone involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-
adrenal (HPA) response?
a. Epinephrine
b. Cortisol
c. Thyroxine
d. Insulin -- Correct Answer ✔✔ b. Cortisol
3) Which of the following statements accurately describes the timing of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response?
a. The HPA response has a rapid onset and short duration.
b. The HPA response has a slow onset and long duration.
c. The HPA response occurs within minutes of a stressor.
d. The HPA response peaks within 15 minutes of a stressor. -- Correct
Answer ✔✔ b. The HPA response has a slow onset and long duration.
4) Which of the following is a physiological effect of cortisol release during the stress
response?
a. Decreased blood glucose levels
, b. Inhibition of protein breakdown
c. Enhanced immune function
d. Increased bone breakdown -- Correct Answer ✔✔ d. Increased bone
breakdown
5) How do catecholamines and cortisol contribute to the body's response to potential
injury?
a. By decreasing coagulability to prevent excessive clot formation
b. By promoting protein synthesis for enhanced wound healing
c. By increasing coagulability to facilitate clot formation
d. By suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators -- Correct Answer
✔✔ c. By increasing coagulability to facilitate clot formation
6) How does cortisol's effect on protein catabolism impact wound healing?
a. It promotes protein synthesis, facilitating muscle strength and wound
closure.
b. It accelerates wound healing by increasing collagen production.
c. It interferes with protein synthesis needed for wound healing, leading to
muscle weakness.
d. It stimulates fibroblast activity, promoting tissue regeneration. -- Correct
Answer ✔✔ c. It interferes with protein synthesis needed for wound
healing, leading to muscle weakness.
7) Which hormone is involved in the stress response and leads to increased
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis?
a. Aldosterone
b. ADH
c. Growth hormone
d. Glucagon -- Correct Answer ✔✔ d. Glucagon
8) What effect does aldosterone have during the physiological stress response (PSR)?
a. Increased renal sodium excretion
, b. Decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys
c. Increased potassium retention in the urine
d. Increased blood pressure -- Correct Answer ✔✔ d. Increased blood
pressure
9) Which hormone exhibits increased secretion during the physiological stress
response (PSR) and is responsible for vasoconstriction and renal water reabsorption?
a. Aldosterone
b. ADH
c. Growth hormone
d. Glucagon -- Correct Answer ✔✔ b. ADH
10) What effect does the physiological stress response (PSR) have on insulin sensitivity
following surgery?
a. There is a permanent increase in insulin sensitivity.
b. Insulin sensitivity remains unchanged.
c. There is a transient decrease in insulin sensitivity.
d. Insulin sensitivity improves gradually over weeks. -- Correct Answer ✔✔
c. There is a transient decrease in insulin sensitivity.
11) What is the relationship between the severity of surgery and insulin resistance?
a. Insulin resistance decreases with the severity of surgery.
b. Insulin resistance remains constant regardless of the severity of surgery.
c. Insulin resistance increases with the severity of surgery.
d. Insulin resistance is not affected by the severity of surgery. -- Correct
Answer ✔✔ c. Insulin resistance increases with the severity of surgery.
12) How does carbohydrate loading affect insulin resistance resulting from surgery?
a. Carbohydrate loading has no effect on insulin resistance.
b. Carbohydrate loading exacerbates insulin resistance.
c. Carbohydrate loading decreases insulin resistance.
