BSNC 3000 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
SOLUTIONS
What is osteoarthritis? -- Answer ✔✔ Degenerative and chronic disorder of synovial
joints, characterized by the loss of articular cartilage and changes in underlying bone
Why is osteoarthritis a chronic condition? -- Answer ✔✔ Cartilage damage cannot be
fixed since there's no direct blood supply
What is the main component of articular cartilage that make it resilient? -- Answer ✔✔
Proteoglycans
What is the main component of articular cartilage that gives strength? -- Answer ✔✔
Collagen
What are proteoglycans? -- Answer ✔✔ Protein sugar molecule
What do proteoglycans do? -- Answer ✔✔ Give cartilage its strength and resilience
Regulates the movement of fluid from synovial cavity in/out of cartilage
What do joints do for cartilage? -- Answer ✔✔ Joint use is important for cartilage to
stay healthy
What happens when cartilage is compressed? -- Answer ✔✔ Fluid is squeezed into the
synovial cavity
What happens when cartilage is relaxed? -- Answer ✔✔ Proteoglycans pull fluid and
solute back in when pressure is released
How does OA start? -- Answer ✔✔ Initiated by a loss of proteoglycans and breakdown
of collagen (erosion of articular cartilage)
,What happens to proteoglycan synthesis with age? -- Answer ✔✔ Decreases
What do inflammatory cytokines do? -- Answer ✔✔ Released in response to joint
injury/stress activate enzymes in chondrocytes that breakdown proteoglycans and
collagen
What are the causes for primary OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Aging, genetics, estrogen
deficiency
What are the causes for secondary OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Direct damage to cartilage,
chronic/excessive joint stress, joint instability or bone misalignment
What are the risk factors for primary OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Age, genetics, female
biological sex
What are the risk factors for secondary OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Joint overuse, injuries,
excess body weight, congenital skeletal deformities, neuro disorders, neuromuscular
disorders, hemophilia
What are the steps for OA? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Erosion of articular cartilage
2. Subchondral sclerosis
3. Formation of bone osteophytes
4. Formation of subchondral cysts
5. Secondary inflammation
What is subchondral sclerosis? -- Answer ✔✔ Thickening of underlying bone and rub
painfully against each other
What are osteophytes? -- Answer ✔✔ Bone growths develop at the edges of
articulating surfaces in response to bone stress
What are subchondral cysts? -- Answer ✔✔ Synovial fluid gets trapped and causes bone
pain with increased pressure
,What is joint mice? -- Answer ✔✔ Cartilage and bone fragments break into the synovial
cavity
What is synovitis? -- Answer ✔✔ inflammation of synovial membrane
What is joint effusion? -- Answer ✔✔ Swelling in joint cavity
Which joints are most commonly affected? -- Answer ✔✔ Knees, hips, lumbar, cervical
spine
What are the consequences of arthritis? -- Answer ✔✔ Pain, joint stiffness, decreased
mobility, impaired sleep, decreased QOL, decreased mood, decreased willingness to be
active, fatigue
What are signs and symptoms of mild OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Joint pain worse with activity
and relieved with rest, crepitus, morning joint stiffness lasting 30mins
What are signs and symptoms of moderate-severe OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Constant pain,
joint enlargement, muscle weakness, impacts on exercise/sleep/ADLs, mood, work,
deformity, limited ROM
Are blood tests and labs used to diagnose OA? -- Answer ✔✔ No, imaging is used
What are the goals for OA management? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Prevent or slow joint
damage
2. Manage pain, stiffness, and inflammation
3. Maintain function
4. Maintain QOL
What are the non-pharmacological therapies for OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Self-management
programs, weight loss, physical activity, protect joints from injury, assistive devices,
hot/cold therapy
, What are pharmacological therapies for OA? -- Answer ✔✔ NSAIDs, Tylenol, intra-
articular corticosteroid injection, intra-articular hyaluronic acid injection, topical
capsaicin cream, opioids, glucosamine, chondroitin supplements
What is healing? -- Answer ✔✔ Replacement of injured tissue with newly formed living
tissue
What is resolution? -- Answer ✔✔ Damaged cells are reversibly injured and recover
What is regeneration? -- Answer ✔✔ Damaged cells are replaced by the division of
remaining viable cells of the same type
What is repair? -- Answer ✔✔ Damaged cells are replaced by scar tissue
What cells can regenerate? -- Answer ✔✔ Labile and sometimes stabile
What are examples of labile cells? -- Answer ✔✔ Skin, hair, follicles, intestinal
epithelium, bone marrow
What are examples of stable cells? -- Answer ✔✔ fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, liver
cells, kidney cells
What cells are not capable of cell division? -- Answer ✔✔ Permanent cell (neuron,
cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle)
What kind of healing will occur in the infarction zone of the heart? -- Answer ✔✔
Repair
What kind of healing will occur in the zone of injury and ischemia of the heart? --
Answer ✔✔ Resolution - once blood supply continues
When does repair occur? -- Answer ✔✔ Cells cannot regenerate, extensive damage,
chronic injury
SOLUTIONS
What is osteoarthritis? -- Answer ✔✔ Degenerative and chronic disorder of synovial
joints, characterized by the loss of articular cartilage and changes in underlying bone
Why is osteoarthritis a chronic condition? -- Answer ✔✔ Cartilage damage cannot be
fixed since there's no direct blood supply
What is the main component of articular cartilage that make it resilient? -- Answer ✔✔
Proteoglycans
What is the main component of articular cartilage that gives strength? -- Answer ✔✔
Collagen
What are proteoglycans? -- Answer ✔✔ Protein sugar molecule
What do proteoglycans do? -- Answer ✔✔ Give cartilage its strength and resilience
Regulates the movement of fluid from synovial cavity in/out of cartilage
What do joints do for cartilage? -- Answer ✔✔ Joint use is important for cartilage to
stay healthy
What happens when cartilage is compressed? -- Answer ✔✔ Fluid is squeezed into the
synovial cavity
What happens when cartilage is relaxed? -- Answer ✔✔ Proteoglycans pull fluid and
solute back in when pressure is released
How does OA start? -- Answer ✔✔ Initiated by a loss of proteoglycans and breakdown
of collagen (erosion of articular cartilage)
,What happens to proteoglycan synthesis with age? -- Answer ✔✔ Decreases
What do inflammatory cytokines do? -- Answer ✔✔ Released in response to joint
injury/stress activate enzymes in chondrocytes that breakdown proteoglycans and
collagen
What are the causes for primary OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Aging, genetics, estrogen
deficiency
What are the causes for secondary OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Direct damage to cartilage,
chronic/excessive joint stress, joint instability or bone misalignment
What are the risk factors for primary OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Age, genetics, female
biological sex
What are the risk factors for secondary OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Joint overuse, injuries,
excess body weight, congenital skeletal deformities, neuro disorders, neuromuscular
disorders, hemophilia
What are the steps for OA? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Erosion of articular cartilage
2. Subchondral sclerosis
3. Formation of bone osteophytes
4. Formation of subchondral cysts
5. Secondary inflammation
What is subchondral sclerosis? -- Answer ✔✔ Thickening of underlying bone and rub
painfully against each other
What are osteophytes? -- Answer ✔✔ Bone growths develop at the edges of
articulating surfaces in response to bone stress
What are subchondral cysts? -- Answer ✔✔ Synovial fluid gets trapped and causes bone
pain with increased pressure
,What is joint mice? -- Answer ✔✔ Cartilage and bone fragments break into the synovial
cavity
What is synovitis? -- Answer ✔✔ inflammation of synovial membrane
What is joint effusion? -- Answer ✔✔ Swelling in joint cavity
Which joints are most commonly affected? -- Answer ✔✔ Knees, hips, lumbar, cervical
spine
What are the consequences of arthritis? -- Answer ✔✔ Pain, joint stiffness, decreased
mobility, impaired sleep, decreased QOL, decreased mood, decreased willingness to be
active, fatigue
What are signs and symptoms of mild OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Joint pain worse with activity
and relieved with rest, crepitus, morning joint stiffness lasting 30mins
What are signs and symptoms of moderate-severe OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Constant pain,
joint enlargement, muscle weakness, impacts on exercise/sleep/ADLs, mood, work,
deformity, limited ROM
Are blood tests and labs used to diagnose OA? -- Answer ✔✔ No, imaging is used
What are the goals for OA management? -- Answer ✔✔ 1. Prevent or slow joint
damage
2. Manage pain, stiffness, and inflammation
3. Maintain function
4. Maintain QOL
What are the non-pharmacological therapies for OA? -- Answer ✔✔ Self-management
programs, weight loss, physical activity, protect joints from injury, assistive devices,
hot/cold therapy
, What are pharmacological therapies for OA? -- Answer ✔✔ NSAIDs, Tylenol, intra-
articular corticosteroid injection, intra-articular hyaluronic acid injection, topical
capsaicin cream, opioids, glucosamine, chondroitin supplements
What is healing? -- Answer ✔✔ Replacement of injured tissue with newly formed living
tissue
What is resolution? -- Answer ✔✔ Damaged cells are reversibly injured and recover
What is regeneration? -- Answer ✔✔ Damaged cells are replaced by the division of
remaining viable cells of the same type
What is repair? -- Answer ✔✔ Damaged cells are replaced by scar tissue
What cells can regenerate? -- Answer ✔✔ Labile and sometimes stabile
What are examples of labile cells? -- Answer ✔✔ Skin, hair, follicles, intestinal
epithelium, bone marrow
What are examples of stable cells? -- Answer ✔✔ fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, liver
cells, kidney cells
What cells are not capable of cell division? -- Answer ✔✔ Permanent cell (neuron,
cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle)
What kind of healing will occur in the infarction zone of the heart? -- Answer ✔✔
Repair
What kind of healing will occur in the zone of injury and ischemia of the heart? --
Answer ✔✔ Resolution - once blood supply continues
When does repair occur? -- Answer ✔✔ Cells cannot regenerate, extensive damage,
chronic injury
