● ENGLISH NOTES
(grammar, communication, research and literature)
EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH
▪NOUNS -names of people, place, thing
▪PRONOUNS -replace nouns
▪VERBS -action words
▪ADJECTIVES - describe nouns
▪ADVERBS -describe verb, adjective or adverb
▪ARTICLES -the, a, an
▪PREPOSITION -relationship between words
▪CONJUNCTIONS -connecting words
▪INTERJECTIONS -exclamation
NOUN
Types:
•Common - names in general like girl, teacher.
•Proper - specific names like Marie.
•Concrete - exist physically like Cup.
•Compound - two or more word like Rainfall.
•Countable - having singular/plural form like bike--->bikes.
•Uncountable - substances, liquids & abstract.
•Abstract - no physical existence or emotion.
• Collective - set or group like TEAM.
Functions of noun:
-subjects
-direct objects
-indirects objects
-objects of preposition
-predicate nominatives
-object complements
PRONOUN
•Interrogative Who, Where, Why
•Possessive Mine, Yours, Our
•Reflexive Myself, Herself, Himself
•Reciprocal each other, one another
•Demonstrative this, that, these, those
•Indefinite several, few, many, all
, •Relative Whom, Whose, That
•Personal
Number Singular(I) Plural(We)
Person 1st (I) 2nd(You) 3rd(He)
Case Subject(We) Object(Us)
Gender Masculine(He) Feminine(She) Neuter(It)
VERB
Intransitive No object
Transitive Has object
Infinitive to + Verb
Modal may/might/will
Auxiliary helps main verb
Voice of verb
Active -subject performs action.
I eat the apple.
Passive -subject received action.
The apple was eaten by me.
Moods of Verb
Declarative I eat an apple.
Interrogative Do you eat apples?
Imperatives Eat your apple.
Verb Tenses
•Simple
Present She writes a novel.
Past She wrote a novel.
Future She will write a novel.
•Continuous (Progressive)
Present C. She is writing a novel.
Past C. She was writing a novel.
Future C. She will be writing a novel.
•Perfect
Present P. She has written a novel.
Past P. She had written a novel.
Future P. She will have written a novel.
•Perfect Continuous
Present P.C. She has been writing a novel.
(grammar, communication, research and literature)
EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH
▪NOUNS -names of people, place, thing
▪PRONOUNS -replace nouns
▪VERBS -action words
▪ADJECTIVES - describe nouns
▪ADVERBS -describe verb, adjective or adverb
▪ARTICLES -the, a, an
▪PREPOSITION -relationship between words
▪CONJUNCTIONS -connecting words
▪INTERJECTIONS -exclamation
NOUN
Types:
•Common - names in general like girl, teacher.
•Proper - specific names like Marie.
•Concrete - exist physically like Cup.
•Compound - two or more word like Rainfall.
•Countable - having singular/plural form like bike--->bikes.
•Uncountable - substances, liquids & abstract.
•Abstract - no physical existence or emotion.
• Collective - set or group like TEAM.
Functions of noun:
-subjects
-direct objects
-indirects objects
-objects of preposition
-predicate nominatives
-object complements
PRONOUN
•Interrogative Who, Where, Why
•Possessive Mine, Yours, Our
•Reflexive Myself, Herself, Himself
•Reciprocal each other, one another
•Demonstrative this, that, these, those
•Indefinite several, few, many, all
, •Relative Whom, Whose, That
•Personal
Number Singular(I) Plural(We)
Person 1st (I) 2nd(You) 3rd(He)
Case Subject(We) Object(Us)
Gender Masculine(He) Feminine(She) Neuter(It)
VERB
Intransitive No object
Transitive Has object
Infinitive to + Verb
Modal may/might/will
Auxiliary helps main verb
Voice of verb
Active -subject performs action.
I eat the apple.
Passive -subject received action.
The apple was eaten by me.
Moods of Verb
Declarative I eat an apple.
Interrogative Do you eat apples?
Imperatives Eat your apple.
Verb Tenses
•Simple
Present She writes a novel.
Past She wrote a novel.
Future She will write a novel.
•Continuous (Progressive)
Present C. She is writing a novel.
Past C. She was writing a novel.
Future C. She will be writing a novel.
•Perfect
Present P. She has written a novel.
Past P. She had written a novel.
Future P. She will have written a novel.
•Perfect Continuous
Present P.C. She has been writing a novel.
