HALO ALKANE
JEE MAINS Syllabus
1. Introduction
2. Methods Of Preparation Of Alkyl Halides
3. Physical Properties
4. Chemical Properties
5. Chemical Reaction
6. Types Of Dihalides
7. Trihalides
8. Tetrahalide ‘Pyrene’
9. Freons
Ck sir HALO–ALKANE 129
, KEY CONCEPTS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION :
• These are the organic compounds in which halogen atom is directly linked with carbon atom.
• These are also called as Haloalkanes.
• Their general formula is CnH2n+1X , (X = F, Br, Cl, I).
• The carbon that bears functional group is sp 3 hybridized in alkyl halides.
• In these compounds, geometry of carbon is tetrahedral.
• Central carbon atom has a bond angle of 109º 28’.
• On the basis of no. of halogen atom(s), these are of following types -
(i) Monohalides– They possess only one halogen atom. eg. CH3Cl, CH3CH2Br
(ii) Dihalides–They possess only two halogen atoms.These are of following three types
eg. gem dihalide, vicinal dihalide and , or terminal dihalide
(iii) Trihalides–They possess three halogen atoms. eg. CHCl3 / CHI3
(iv) Tetrahalides–They possess four halogen atoms. eg. CCl4
• Alkyl halide shows chain and position isomerism. If unsymmetrical or chiral carbon is present then it shows
optical isomerism also.
• Alkyl halides do not show functional isomerism, metamerism, tautomerism, geometrical isomerism.
PREPARATION METHODS OF HALO-ALKANE :
X2/h
R–H
HX
Alkene
HBr/Peroxide
Alkene
Cl–N=O
R–NH2
(Tilden reagent)
Darzen reaction
R–OH
SOCl2/Pyridine
R–X
PCl3 or PCl5
R–OH
HI or HBr or
R–OH
NaBr + H2SO4
HCl + ZnCl2
R–OH
(Lucas reagent)
Br2/CCl4
R–C–OAg
Hunsdiecker reaction
O
HALO–ALKANE 130
JEE MAINS Syllabus
1. Introduction
2. Methods Of Preparation Of Alkyl Halides
3. Physical Properties
4. Chemical Properties
5. Chemical Reaction
6. Types Of Dihalides
7. Trihalides
8. Tetrahalide ‘Pyrene’
9. Freons
Ck sir HALO–ALKANE 129
, KEY CONCEPTS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION :
• These are the organic compounds in which halogen atom is directly linked with carbon atom.
• These are also called as Haloalkanes.
• Their general formula is CnH2n+1X , (X = F, Br, Cl, I).
• The carbon that bears functional group is sp 3 hybridized in alkyl halides.
• In these compounds, geometry of carbon is tetrahedral.
• Central carbon atom has a bond angle of 109º 28’.
• On the basis of no. of halogen atom(s), these are of following types -
(i) Monohalides– They possess only one halogen atom. eg. CH3Cl, CH3CH2Br
(ii) Dihalides–They possess only two halogen atoms.These are of following three types
eg. gem dihalide, vicinal dihalide and , or terminal dihalide
(iii) Trihalides–They possess three halogen atoms. eg. CHCl3 / CHI3
(iv) Tetrahalides–They possess four halogen atoms. eg. CCl4
• Alkyl halide shows chain and position isomerism. If unsymmetrical or chiral carbon is present then it shows
optical isomerism also.
• Alkyl halides do not show functional isomerism, metamerism, tautomerism, geometrical isomerism.
PREPARATION METHODS OF HALO-ALKANE :
X2/h
R–H
HX
Alkene
HBr/Peroxide
Alkene
Cl–N=O
R–NH2
(Tilden reagent)
Darzen reaction
R–OH
SOCl2/Pyridine
R–X
PCl3 or PCl5
R–OH
HI or HBr or
R–OH
NaBr + H2SO4
HCl + ZnCl2
R–OH
(Lucas reagent)
Br2/CCl4
R–C–OAg
Hunsdiecker reaction
O
HALO–ALKANE 130
