NRSG265 Exam Latest Update 2025-2026 175
Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers
Guaranteed A+
2 Systems that attempt to balance each other to maintain acid base balance -
CORRECT ANSWER: Kidneys and lungs
6 steps to ABG analysis - CORRECT ANSWER: 1. Analyse pH
2. Analyse PaCO2
3. Analyse HCo3
4. Match the PaCO2 or HCO3 with the pH
5. Does the PaCO2 or HCO2 go in the opposite direction of the pH? (if yes there is
compensation by that system)
6. Analyse PaO2 and SaO2
A complication most likely to arise from unmanaged AF - CORRECT ANSWER: stroke
a1 adrenergic receptor - CORRECT ANSWER: located on the vessel
MOA: vasodilation of blood vessels, increased BP, dilated pupils, decreased GIT motility
Effects: hypertension, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention
ACE inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER: widen/dilate blood vessels that increases CO
and lower BP, raise blood flow that reduced the hearts workload
Inhibits the enzyme ACE -> no conversion to Ag II --> no vasoconstriction --> no release
of aldosterone --> no Na+ and water retention --> decreased BP
Acid-base Compensation - CORRECT ANSWER: If pH changes because of a
respiratory disorder, the renal system will be responsible for
,making corrections to balance blood pH (vice versa)
Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER: pH below 7.35. Higher than normal levels of acid in the
blood and tissues
ACS pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER: deterioration of once stable plague →
rupture → platelet aggregation → thrombus = partial occlusion of coronary artery
NSTEMI, total occlusion artery: STEMI
Action of Insulin the body - CORRECT ANSWER: insulin allows the glucose uptake into
the cells so we can make ATP, it also stores
glucose in the form of glycogen, it also inhibits the liver from producing glucose, and
promotes
protein synthesis, and stimulates fat tissue to store glucose in the form of fatty acids
acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - CORRECT ANSWER: sudden symptoms of
insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial
infarction
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - CORRECT ANSWER: can cause a life threatening
electrolyte imbalance
sudden decrease in kidney function increases serum creatine and urea and disruption
to fluids and electrolyte balance and oliguria
acute myocardial infarction - CORRECT ANSWER: result of sustained ischaemia,
causing irreversible myocardial cell death (necrosis), loss of contractile function (STEMI
or NSTEMI)
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) - CORRECT ANSWER: Sustained ischaemia causing
irreversible myocardial cell death, necrosis of entire thickness of myocardium takes 4-
6hrs, loss of contractile function
, adverse effects of oral corticosteroids - CORRECT ANSWER: Gastric ulcers
Airway obstruction in asthma is related to - CORRECT ANSWER: Exposure to an
allergen causing mast cell degranulation
AKI causes - CORRECT ANSWER: low fluid volume (e.g. dehydration, haemorrhage,
diuretics)
Nephrotoxic drugs (e.g NSAIDs)
AKI pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER: RAAS --> constriction of renal arterioles --
> decreased GFR
Low fluid volume --> blood diverted from kidneys to maintain heart and brain
circulation
Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER: pH above 7.45. Condition resulting from higher than
normal level of base in the blood and tissues
AMI - Diagnostic Tests - CORRECT ANSWER: ECG: changes in QRS complex, ST
segments and T waves, cardiac enzyme markers elevates (CK-MB, Troponin I, Troponin
T), blood tests (Elevated leucocytes, glucose and fatty acids), coronary angiography,
exercise stress testing, echocardiogram
AMI complications - CORRECT ANSWER: dysrhythmias, heart failure, cariogenic
shock, papillary muscle dysfunction, ventricular aneurysm, acute pericarditis
AMI management - CORRECT ANSWER: Stop the infarction process by dissolving
thrombus in coronary artery. Anti-platelet agent; aspirin
Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers
Guaranteed A+
2 Systems that attempt to balance each other to maintain acid base balance -
CORRECT ANSWER: Kidneys and lungs
6 steps to ABG analysis - CORRECT ANSWER: 1. Analyse pH
2. Analyse PaCO2
3. Analyse HCo3
4. Match the PaCO2 or HCO3 with the pH
5. Does the PaCO2 or HCO2 go in the opposite direction of the pH? (if yes there is
compensation by that system)
6. Analyse PaO2 and SaO2
A complication most likely to arise from unmanaged AF - CORRECT ANSWER: stroke
a1 adrenergic receptor - CORRECT ANSWER: located on the vessel
MOA: vasodilation of blood vessels, increased BP, dilated pupils, decreased GIT motility
Effects: hypertension, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention
ACE inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER: widen/dilate blood vessels that increases CO
and lower BP, raise blood flow that reduced the hearts workload
Inhibits the enzyme ACE -> no conversion to Ag II --> no vasoconstriction --> no release
of aldosterone --> no Na+ and water retention --> decreased BP
Acid-base Compensation - CORRECT ANSWER: If pH changes because of a
respiratory disorder, the renal system will be responsible for
,making corrections to balance blood pH (vice versa)
Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER: pH below 7.35. Higher than normal levels of acid in the
blood and tissues
ACS pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER: deterioration of once stable plague →
rupture → platelet aggregation → thrombus = partial occlusion of coronary artery
NSTEMI, total occlusion artery: STEMI
Action of Insulin the body - CORRECT ANSWER: insulin allows the glucose uptake into
the cells so we can make ATP, it also stores
glucose in the form of glycogen, it also inhibits the liver from producing glucose, and
promotes
protein synthesis, and stimulates fat tissue to store glucose in the form of fatty acids
acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - CORRECT ANSWER: sudden symptoms of
insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial
infarction
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - CORRECT ANSWER: can cause a life threatening
electrolyte imbalance
sudden decrease in kidney function increases serum creatine and urea and disruption
to fluids and electrolyte balance and oliguria
acute myocardial infarction - CORRECT ANSWER: result of sustained ischaemia,
causing irreversible myocardial cell death (necrosis), loss of contractile function (STEMI
or NSTEMI)
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) - CORRECT ANSWER: Sustained ischaemia causing
irreversible myocardial cell death, necrosis of entire thickness of myocardium takes 4-
6hrs, loss of contractile function
, adverse effects of oral corticosteroids - CORRECT ANSWER: Gastric ulcers
Airway obstruction in asthma is related to - CORRECT ANSWER: Exposure to an
allergen causing mast cell degranulation
AKI causes - CORRECT ANSWER: low fluid volume (e.g. dehydration, haemorrhage,
diuretics)
Nephrotoxic drugs (e.g NSAIDs)
AKI pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER: RAAS --> constriction of renal arterioles --
> decreased GFR
Low fluid volume --> blood diverted from kidneys to maintain heart and brain
circulation
Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER: pH above 7.45. Condition resulting from higher than
normal level of base in the blood and tissues
AMI - Diagnostic Tests - CORRECT ANSWER: ECG: changes in QRS complex, ST
segments and T waves, cardiac enzyme markers elevates (CK-MB, Troponin I, Troponin
T), blood tests (Elevated leucocytes, glucose and fatty acids), coronary angiography,
exercise stress testing, echocardiogram
AMI complications - CORRECT ANSWER: dysrhythmias, heart failure, cariogenic
shock, papillary muscle dysfunction, ventricular aneurysm, acute pericarditis
AMI management - CORRECT ANSWER: Stop the infarction process by dissolving
thrombus in coronary artery. Anti-platelet agent; aspirin
