Nursing II - (Cardiology) Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Fully Solved
Cardiac Output - Answers Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute. CO = SV x HR. Normal
range: 4-8 L/min.
Stroke Volume - Answers Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat.
Preload - Answers Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.
Afterload - Answers Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to pump blood.
Contractility - Answers Influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.
Heart Failure - Answers Related to inadequate pumping and/or filling of the heart, leading to insufficient
blood supply to meet tissue oxygen needs.
Systolic Failure - Answers Inability of the heart to effectively pump blood, characterized by a decreased
ejection fraction (<45%).
Diastolic Failure - Answers Inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole, leading to decreased
stroke volume and cardiac output.
Right-Sided Heart Failure - Answers Blood backs up into the right atrium and venous circulation, leading
to symptoms like jugular venous distention and peripheral edema.
Left-Sided Heart Failure - Answers Blood backs up into the left atrium and pulmonary veins, causing
pulmonary congestion, hypertension, and edema.
Jugular Venous Distention - Answers A sign of right-sided heart failure characterized by distended
jugular veins in the neck.
Dependent Edema - Answers Swelling in dependent body parts due to fluid accumulation, often seen in
right-sided heart failure.
Pulmonary Congestion - Answers Fluid leakage from the pulmonary capillary bed due to increased
pulmonary pressure, a consequence of left-sided heart failure.
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) - Answers A sudden worsening of heart failure symptoms,
requiring immediate medical attention and interventions.
Chronic Heart Failure - Answers A progressive condition without cure, managed to reduce symptoms,
improve quality of life, and prevent exacerbations.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) - Answers A biomarker used to determine the degree of heart
dysfunction, with elevated levels indicating heart failure.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy - Answers A treatment for heart failure involving bi-ventricular
pacing to improve heart function.
, Entresto - Answers A new drug for chronic heart failure management.
Nursing Process Assessment - Answers A systematic method used by nurses to collect and analyze
patient data, set goals, and create care plans.
Symptom management - Answers Addressing and alleviating symptoms associated with a condition
Self-care - Answers Activities individuals perform to maintain health and well-being
Health promotion - Answers Encouraging behaviors that improve overall health and prevent illness
Achievement of goals - Answers Reaching specific objectives set for patient care and recovery
Hospice - Answers End-of-life care for terminally ill patients with a life expectancy of ≤ 6 months
Cardiac Transplantation - Answers Surgical procedure involving the replacement of a diseased heart with
a healthy donor heart
UNOS - Answers United Network of Organ Sharing managing organ allocation and distribution
ABO Blood type - Answers Blood group classification based on the presence or absence of antigens
Panel-reactive antibody (PRA) - Answers Measurement of antibodies in a recipient's blood that may
react with donor tissue
Endomyocardial Biopsy (EMB) - Answers Procedure to obtain heart tissue samples for rejection
assessment post-transplant
Acute rejection - Answers Immune response against the transplanted heart leading to tissue damage
SCD - Answers Sudden Cardiac Death, a sudden, unexpected death due to heart-related issues
Immunosuppressive therapy - Answers Treatment to suppress the immune system's response to
prevent rejection
Corticosteroids - Answers Anti-inflammatory medications used to reduce immune response
Calcineurin inhibitors - Answers Medications that suppress the immune system by inhibiting calcineurin
Cyclosporine - Answers Immunosuppressant drug used to prevent organ rejection
Tacrolimus (Prograf) - Answers Immunosuppressive medication to prevent organ rejection post-
transplant
Cardiac vasculopathy - Answers Narrowing of coronary arteries post-transplant leading to heart issues
Pediatric Considerations - Answers Specific factors to consider when treating children with heart failure
Tachycardia - Answers Abnormally rapid heart rate above the normal range for age
Cardiac Output - Answers Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute. CO = SV x HR. Normal
range: 4-8 L/min.
Stroke Volume - Answers Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat.
Preload - Answers Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.
Afterload - Answers Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to pump blood.
Contractility - Answers Influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.
Heart Failure - Answers Related to inadequate pumping and/or filling of the heart, leading to insufficient
blood supply to meet tissue oxygen needs.
Systolic Failure - Answers Inability of the heart to effectively pump blood, characterized by a decreased
ejection fraction (<45%).
Diastolic Failure - Answers Inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole, leading to decreased
stroke volume and cardiac output.
Right-Sided Heart Failure - Answers Blood backs up into the right atrium and venous circulation, leading
to symptoms like jugular venous distention and peripheral edema.
Left-Sided Heart Failure - Answers Blood backs up into the left atrium and pulmonary veins, causing
pulmonary congestion, hypertension, and edema.
Jugular Venous Distention - Answers A sign of right-sided heart failure characterized by distended
jugular veins in the neck.
Dependent Edema - Answers Swelling in dependent body parts due to fluid accumulation, often seen in
right-sided heart failure.
Pulmonary Congestion - Answers Fluid leakage from the pulmonary capillary bed due to increased
pulmonary pressure, a consequence of left-sided heart failure.
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) - Answers A sudden worsening of heart failure symptoms,
requiring immediate medical attention and interventions.
Chronic Heart Failure - Answers A progressive condition without cure, managed to reduce symptoms,
improve quality of life, and prevent exacerbations.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) - Answers A biomarker used to determine the degree of heart
dysfunction, with elevated levels indicating heart failure.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy - Answers A treatment for heart failure involving bi-ventricular
pacing to improve heart function.
, Entresto - Answers A new drug for chronic heart failure management.
Nursing Process Assessment - Answers A systematic method used by nurses to collect and analyze
patient data, set goals, and create care plans.
Symptom management - Answers Addressing and alleviating symptoms associated with a condition
Self-care - Answers Activities individuals perform to maintain health and well-being
Health promotion - Answers Encouraging behaviors that improve overall health and prevent illness
Achievement of goals - Answers Reaching specific objectives set for patient care and recovery
Hospice - Answers End-of-life care for terminally ill patients with a life expectancy of ≤ 6 months
Cardiac Transplantation - Answers Surgical procedure involving the replacement of a diseased heart with
a healthy donor heart
UNOS - Answers United Network of Organ Sharing managing organ allocation and distribution
ABO Blood type - Answers Blood group classification based on the presence or absence of antigens
Panel-reactive antibody (PRA) - Answers Measurement of antibodies in a recipient's blood that may
react with donor tissue
Endomyocardial Biopsy (EMB) - Answers Procedure to obtain heart tissue samples for rejection
assessment post-transplant
Acute rejection - Answers Immune response against the transplanted heart leading to tissue damage
SCD - Answers Sudden Cardiac Death, a sudden, unexpected death due to heart-related issues
Immunosuppressive therapy - Answers Treatment to suppress the immune system's response to
prevent rejection
Corticosteroids - Answers Anti-inflammatory medications used to reduce immune response
Calcineurin inhibitors - Answers Medications that suppress the immune system by inhibiting calcineurin
Cyclosporine - Answers Immunosuppressant drug used to prevent organ rejection
Tacrolimus (Prograf) - Answers Immunosuppressive medication to prevent organ rejection post-
transplant
Cardiac vasculopathy - Answers Narrowing of coronary arteries post-transplant leading to heart issues
Pediatric Considerations - Answers Specific factors to consider when treating children with heart failure
Tachycardia - Answers Abnormally rapid heart rate above the normal range for age
