SSM TCAR review exam 2025 with 100% correct
answers
What are the definitive options for pelvic fracture stabilization and hemorrhage control? - Correct Answer - External
Fixation
Interventional Radiology
Open reduction & Internal fixation
How are closed mid-shaft femur fractures managed? - Correct Answer - Intramedullary nail fixation
What makes a fracture comminuted? - Correct Answer - The bone is in multiple pieces
Physiologic criteria for trauma center care? - Correct Answer - SBP<90
Resp rate <10 or >29
GCS <14
What is Kinematics? - Correct Answer - The process of predicting potential injuries based on analysis of the forces
involved
Dose of energy is? - Correct Answer - The nature and amount of force
Characteristic of wounding agent? - Correct Answer - Type of energy and how it was applied
Force - Correct Answer - The dose of energy involved
Which gender is the majority of trauma? - Correct Answer - Male
Incidence of trauma peaks at what age? - Correct Answer - Teens and young adult
Blunt trauma Classifications include? - Correct Answer - MVA
Auto vs. pedestrian
Falls
Struck by or against an object
Trauma mortality based on organ system failure? - Correct Answer - 1 organ system failure=4%
MILESTONE 1 Exam
,2 organ system failures=32%
3 organ system failures=67%
4 organ system failures=90%
What are the four collisions? - Correct Answer - 1. The vehicle
2. The occupants
3. The internal organs
4. The secondary impacts
Energy transmission in a rollover depends on? - Correct Answer - Deceleration distance
Energy is dissipated over the distance of the roll and whether or not the occupants are restrained
Car vs pedestrian injuries depend on? - Correct Answer - Point of contact with the care
Height of hood & bumper
Size & weight of vehicle
Height of patient
Direction patient was facing when struck
What is the most common mechanism of injury in all age groups? - Correct Answer - Falls
Factors predicting fall injuries are? - Correct Answer - Fall height (velocity)
Landing surface (deceleration distance)
Point of impact on the body
Wound ballistics- permanent cavity - Correct Answer - Cavity is the a function of the size, shape, and characteristic
of the missile (mass)
For every second of fall time, speed increases by? - Correct Answer - Speed increases by approximately 20 MPH
Define Shock? - Correct Answer - A state in which cellular oxygen demand exceeds supply
When the cost of tissue oxygen is higher than the body can pay, an oxygen debt develops.
Types of shock per TCAR? - Correct Answer - Pumps-Site of defect heart
Pipes- site of defect is artery, veins or capillaries
Fluid-intravascular, interstitial or intracellular
VS in shock? - Correct Answer - Narrow pulse pressure
MILESTONE 1 Exam
, Tachycardia
Low CO
How many ATP molecules are produced with oxygen & glucose? - Correct Answer - 32 ATP molecules
How many ATP molecules are produced without oxygen? - Correct Answer - 2 ATP molecules
Normal pH? - Correct Answer - Refernce range is 7.35-7.45, but actual normal range is 7.38-7.42
What is the footprint of shock? - Correct Answer - Lactic Acidosis
What 2 things affect the amount of oxygen availalbe to the cells? - Correct Answer - Temperature & pH, which is the
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation shift to the right? - Correct Answer - Acidosis, elevated temp
More oxygen available to the cells
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the left? - Correct Answer - Hypothermia, alkalosis
Less oxygen available to the cells
H & H is a measure of ? - Correct Answer - It is a measure of hemodilution rather than blood loss.
What are the hormonal responses to shock? - Correct Answer - Promote body water retentions by secretion of ADH
& activation of RAAS
What are the inflammatory responses to shock? - Correct Answer - SIRS
Which is a production of pro-inflammatory mediators, histamine release, and capillary leakage
Inadvertent esophageal intubation assessment findings include? - Correct Answer - Gastric distention,
absent breath sounds,
minimal chest wall movement and
rapid deterioration
What is the normal PaCO2 and what does it measure? - Correct Answer - Normal is 35-45 mmHg
It is the measurement of ventilation
Clinical assessment- rate, depth, and work of breathing
What is the normal PaO2 and what does it measure? - Correct Answer - Normal is 80-100 mmHG
It is a measurement of diffusion
It reflects a problems with alveoli or pulmonary circulation
MILESTONE 1 Exam
answers
What are the definitive options for pelvic fracture stabilization and hemorrhage control? - Correct Answer - External
Fixation
Interventional Radiology
Open reduction & Internal fixation
How are closed mid-shaft femur fractures managed? - Correct Answer - Intramedullary nail fixation
What makes a fracture comminuted? - Correct Answer - The bone is in multiple pieces
Physiologic criteria for trauma center care? - Correct Answer - SBP<90
Resp rate <10 or >29
GCS <14
What is Kinematics? - Correct Answer - The process of predicting potential injuries based on analysis of the forces
involved
Dose of energy is? - Correct Answer - The nature and amount of force
Characteristic of wounding agent? - Correct Answer - Type of energy and how it was applied
Force - Correct Answer - The dose of energy involved
Which gender is the majority of trauma? - Correct Answer - Male
Incidence of trauma peaks at what age? - Correct Answer - Teens and young adult
Blunt trauma Classifications include? - Correct Answer - MVA
Auto vs. pedestrian
Falls
Struck by or against an object
Trauma mortality based on organ system failure? - Correct Answer - 1 organ system failure=4%
MILESTONE 1 Exam
,2 organ system failures=32%
3 organ system failures=67%
4 organ system failures=90%
What are the four collisions? - Correct Answer - 1. The vehicle
2. The occupants
3. The internal organs
4. The secondary impacts
Energy transmission in a rollover depends on? - Correct Answer - Deceleration distance
Energy is dissipated over the distance of the roll and whether or not the occupants are restrained
Car vs pedestrian injuries depend on? - Correct Answer - Point of contact with the care
Height of hood & bumper
Size & weight of vehicle
Height of patient
Direction patient was facing when struck
What is the most common mechanism of injury in all age groups? - Correct Answer - Falls
Factors predicting fall injuries are? - Correct Answer - Fall height (velocity)
Landing surface (deceleration distance)
Point of impact on the body
Wound ballistics- permanent cavity - Correct Answer - Cavity is the a function of the size, shape, and characteristic
of the missile (mass)
For every second of fall time, speed increases by? - Correct Answer - Speed increases by approximately 20 MPH
Define Shock? - Correct Answer - A state in which cellular oxygen demand exceeds supply
When the cost of tissue oxygen is higher than the body can pay, an oxygen debt develops.
Types of shock per TCAR? - Correct Answer - Pumps-Site of defect heart
Pipes- site of defect is artery, veins or capillaries
Fluid-intravascular, interstitial or intracellular
VS in shock? - Correct Answer - Narrow pulse pressure
MILESTONE 1 Exam
, Tachycardia
Low CO
How many ATP molecules are produced with oxygen & glucose? - Correct Answer - 32 ATP molecules
How many ATP molecules are produced without oxygen? - Correct Answer - 2 ATP molecules
Normal pH? - Correct Answer - Refernce range is 7.35-7.45, but actual normal range is 7.38-7.42
What is the footprint of shock? - Correct Answer - Lactic Acidosis
What 2 things affect the amount of oxygen availalbe to the cells? - Correct Answer - Temperature & pH, which is the
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation shift to the right? - Correct Answer - Acidosis, elevated temp
More oxygen available to the cells
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the left? - Correct Answer - Hypothermia, alkalosis
Less oxygen available to the cells
H & H is a measure of ? - Correct Answer - It is a measure of hemodilution rather than blood loss.
What are the hormonal responses to shock? - Correct Answer - Promote body water retentions by secretion of ADH
& activation of RAAS
What are the inflammatory responses to shock? - Correct Answer - SIRS
Which is a production of pro-inflammatory mediators, histamine release, and capillary leakage
Inadvertent esophageal intubation assessment findings include? - Correct Answer - Gastric distention,
absent breath sounds,
minimal chest wall movement and
rapid deterioration
What is the normal PaCO2 and what does it measure? - Correct Answer - Normal is 35-45 mmHg
It is the measurement of ventilation
Clinical assessment- rate, depth, and work of breathing
What is the normal PaO2 and what does it measure? - Correct Answer - Normal is 80-100 mmHG
It is a measurement of diffusion
It reflects a problems with alveoli or pulmonary circulation
MILESTONE 1 Exam
