(2025) NURS 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ASSUARED
SUCCESS
• Reproductive:
o Endometrial cycle (menstrual cycle) and the
occurrence of ovulation
▪ During menstruation (menses), the functional layer
if endometrium disintegrates and is discharges
through the vagina.
▪ Follicular/proliferative phase - GnRH and a balance
between activin and inhibin from the granulosa cells
contribute to the rise of FSH levels, which stimulates
a number of follicles. The pulsatile secretion of FSH
from the anterior pituitary gland rescues a dominant
ovarian follicle from apoptosis by days 5 to 7 days of
the cycle. Together estrogen and FSH increase FSH
receptors in the granulosa cells of the primary
follicle, making them more sensitive to FSH. FSH and
estrogen combine to induce production of LH
receptors on the granulosa cells of the primary
follicle, thus promoting LH stimulation to combine
with FSH stimulation, causing more rapid secretion of
follicular estrogen. As estrogen levels increase, FSH
levels drop because of an increase in inhibin-B
secreted by the granulosa cells in the dominant
follicle. This drop in FSH level decreases the growth
of the less-developed follicles. Estrogen causes cells
of the endometrium to proliferate and stimulates
production of LH.
▪ Luteal/secretory phase – ovulation marks the
beginning of this phase. The ovarian follicle begins
its transformation into a corpus luteum. Pulsatile
secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary stimulates
the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, which in
turn initiates the secretory phase of endometrial
development. Glands and blood vessels in the
endometrium branch and curl throughout the
functional layer, and the glands begin to secrete a
thin glycogen- containing fluid, the secretory phase.
If conception occurs, the nutrient-laden endometrium
is ready for implantation. Human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG) is secreted 3 days after
fertilization by blastocytes and maintains the corpus
luteum once implantation occurs at about day 6 or 7.
HCG can be detected in maternal blood and urine 8
to 10 days after ovulation.
▪ Ischemic/menstrual phase
• The production of estrogen and progesterone
,(2025) NURS 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ASSUARED
SUCCESS
continues until the placenta can adequately
maintain hormonal production. If conception
and implantation do not occur, the corpus
luteum degenerates and
,(2025) NURS 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ASSUARED
SUCCESS
ceases production of progesterone and estrogen.
Without progesterone or estrogen to maintain it,
the endometrium becomes ischemic and
disintegrates. Menstruation then occurs marking
the beginning of another cycle.
▪ Ovulatory cycles appear to have a minimum length of
24 to
26.5 days: the primary ovarian follicle requires 10 to
12.5 days to develop, and the luteal phase appears
relatively fixed at 14 days (+/- 3 days). Menstrual
blood flow usually lasts 3-7 days, but it may last as
long as 8 days or stop after 1 to 2 days and still be
considered within normal limits.
▪ Ovulation – the release of an ovum from a mature
follicle and marks the beginning of the
luteal/secretory phase.
o Uterine prolapse
▪ Descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the
vaginal canal.
▪ In severe cases, the uterus falls completely
through the vagina and protrudes from the
introitus.
▪ Symptoms of other pelvic floor disorders also
may be present.
• Urinary: sensation of incomplete emptying of
the bladder, urinary incontinence, urinary
frequency/urgency, bladder “splinting” to
accomplish voiding
• Bowel: constipation or feeling of rectal
fullness or blockage, difficult defecation,
stool or flatus incontinence
• Urgency: manual “splinting” of posterior
vaginal wall to accomplish defecation
• Pain & Bulging: vaginal, bladder, rectum;
pelvic pressure, bulging, pain, lower back
pain
• Sexual: dyspareunia, decreased
sensation, lubrication, arousal
▪ Tx:
• Kegel exercises
• Estrogen to improve tone and vascularity of
fascial support
• Pessary
• Weight loss
• Avoidance of constipation
, (2025) NURS 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ASSUARED
SUCCESS
o Polycystic ovarian syndrome
▪ Most common cause of anovulation and
ovulatory dysfunction in women.
▪ Defined as having at least two of the following three
features: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of
androgens
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ASSUARED
SUCCESS
• Reproductive:
o Endometrial cycle (menstrual cycle) and the
occurrence of ovulation
▪ During menstruation (menses), the functional layer
if endometrium disintegrates and is discharges
through the vagina.
▪ Follicular/proliferative phase - GnRH and a balance
between activin and inhibin from the granulosa cells
contribute to the rise of FSH levels, which stimulates
a number of follicles. The pulsatile secretion of FSH
from the anterior pituitary gland rescues a dominant
ovarian follicle from apoptosis by days 5 to 7 days of
the cycle. Together estrogen and FSH increase FSH
receptors in the granulosa cells of the primary
follicle, making them more sensitive to FSH. FSH and
estrogen combine to induce production of LH
receptors on the granulosa cells of the primary
follicle, thus promoting LH stimulation to combine
with FSH stimulation, causing more rapid secretion of
follicular estrogen. As estrogen levels increase, FSH
levels drop because of an increase in inhibin-B
secreted by the granulosa cells in the dominant
follicle. This drop in FSH level decreases the growth
of the less-developed follicles. Estrogen causes cells
of the endometrium to proliferate and stimulates
production of LH.
▪ Luteal/secretory phase – ovulation marks the
beginning of this phase. The ovarian follicle begins
its transformation into a corpus luteum. Pulsatile
secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary stimulates
the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, which in
turn initiates the secretory phase of endometrial
development. Glands and blood vessels in the
endometrium branch and curl throughout the
functional layer, and the glands begin to secrete a
thin glycogen- containing fluid, the secretory phase.
If conception occurs, the nutrient-laden endometrium
is ready for implantation. Human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG) is secreted 3 days after
fertilization by blastocytes and maintains the corpus
luteum once implantation occurs at about day 6 or 7.
HCG can be detected in maternal blood and urine 8
to 10 days after ovulation.
▪ Ischemic/menstrual phase
• The production of estrogen and progesterone
,(2025) NURS 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ASSUARED
SUCCESS
continues until the placenta can adequately
maintain hormonal production. If conception
and implantation do not occur, the corpus
luteum degenerates and
,(2025) NURS 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ASSUARED
SUCCESS
ceases production of progesterone and estrogen.
Without progesterone or estrogen to maintain it,
the endometrium becomes ischemic and
disintegrates. Menstruation then occurs marking
the beginning of another cycle.
▪ Ovulatory cycles appear to have a minimum length of
24 to
26.5 days: the primary ovarian follicle requires 10 to
12.5 days to develop, and the luteal phase appears
relatively fixed at 14 days (+/- 3 days). Menstrual
blood flow usually lasts 3-7 days, but it may last as
long as 8 days or stop after 1 to 2 days and still be
considered within normal limits.
▪ Ovulation – the release of an ovum from a mature
follicle and marks the beginning of the
luteal/secretory phase.
o Uterine prolapse
▪ Descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the
vaginal canal.
▪ In severe cases, the uterus falls completely
through the vagina and protrudes from the
introitus.
▪ Symptoms of other pelvic floor disorders also
may be present.
• Urinary: sensation of incomplete emptying of
the bladder, urinary incontinence, urinary
frequency/urgency, bladder “splinting” to
accomplish voiding
• Bowel: constipation or feeling of rectal
fullness or blockage, difficult defecation,
stool or flatus incontinence
• Urgency: manual “splinting” of posterior
vaginal wall to accomplish defecation
• Pain & Bulging: vaginal, bladder, rectum;
pelvic pressure, bulging, pain, lower back
pain
• Sexual: dyspareunia, decreased
sensation, lubrication, arousal
▪ Tx:
• Kegel exercises
• Estrogen to improve tone and vascularity of
fascial support
• Pessary
• Weight loss
• Avoidance of constipation
, (2025) NURS 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ASSUARED
SUCCESS
o Polycystic ovarian syndrome
▪ Most common cause of anovulation and
ovulatory dysfunction in women.
▪ Defined as having at least two of the following three
features: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of
androgens
