3800 Patho Exam 1 questions well
answered to pass
Alarm - activation of the HPA axis, the nervous system, and adrenal; recognition of
danger
Resistance - period of recovery and renewal; body adapts
Exhaustion - stress becomes chronic - correct answer ✔✔What are the stages of
the General Adaptation Syndrome?
Allostasis - correct answer ✔✔- process by which the body achieves stability
through physiological change
- physiologic changes (neuroendocrine, autoimmune, autonomic) that occurs from
chronic stress or challenges
homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔- The body strives for constancy despite changes
in internal and external environment. The goal is a steady state
EX: temp regulation, acid-base balance, blood sugar control
· Epinephrine and norepinephrine to stimulate fight or flight
· Know that when the SNS is stimulated - in a stress situation - blood is shunted to
the vital organs - leading to tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypertension. Blood is
also shunted AWAY from the nonvital organs - GI tract - leading to nausea, and the
kidneys - represented by oliguria, and the skin - leading to cool clammy skin -
correct answer ✔✔SNS with application to clinical setting
,· Cortisol - increase blood sugar, immune response suppressed, osteoblasts are
inhibited
· Advantages - curbs functions that are detrimental or nonessential in the fight-or-
flight situation
· Disadvantages - increased blood pressure
· Stress is a real or perceived threat to homeostasis; the body's response to any
stimuli placing an intense demand on it - correct answer ✔✔Stress response
Adrenal cortex
- increased blood sugar to provide energy for the body in the fight or flight
situation
elevated cortisol levels can lead to immune response repressed - correct answer
✔✔Outcome of cortisol and where does it come from.
Adrenal medulla
- increase BP, RR, and HR
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
short-term response only - to get the body out of a stressful situation - correct
answer ✔✔Outcome of catecholamines and where they come from.
Hypoxia (lack of oxygen to tissues) causes a build-up of lactic acid in blood leading
to this acid-base disorder. - correct answer ✔✔What is the most common cause
of cellular injury?
atrophy - correct answer ✔✔decreased size and functional capacity due to
decrease demand
,ex: muscle or heart
hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔enlargement of cells which leads to increased
size of organs due to increased demand
- increase workload increases size
- left ventricular; working out
hyperplasia - correct answer ✔✔increase in cell count
ex: pregnancy - physiologic
pathologic - skin warts and calluses
metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔a reversible change or replacement of one cell
type to another cell type
ex: lungs, cervix, esophagus, GERD, Barrett's esophagus
- always pathologic, but not cancer
dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔disorganized overgrowth of cells
- closer to cancer and still reversible
- ex: squamous epithelium cervix, esophagus, trachea (from columnar)
- cellular injury is reversible
- death is permanent
- cellular injury: cell is unable to maintain homeostasis
, - if we "catch" the problem during the "injury" phase, cellular function can be
restored to normal - correct answer ✔✔Differentiate cellular injury from death.
apoptosis - correct answer ✔✔controlled cell destruction
normal programmed death
physiologic or pathologic
too much can lead to atrophy
- failure to suppress may lead to cancer
necrosis - correct answer ✔✔uncontrolled, loss of cell membrane
- premature death
- always pathologic
Ex: gangrene
dystrophic calcification - correct answer ✔✔abnormal deposits of calcium salts in
aging or previously damaged tissue
ex: aortic stenosis
non reversible
Metastatic calcification - correct answer ✔✔occurs in normal tissue but
inappropriate site (lung, renal tubules, blood vessels)
- usually due to increased calcium level
ex: hyperparathyroidism, cancer with metastatic bone lesions
answered to pass
Alarm - activation of the HPA axis, the nervous system, and adrenal; recognition of
danger
Resistance - period of recovery and renewal; body adapts
Exhaustion - stress becomes chronic - correct answer ✔✔What are the stages of
the General Adaptation Syndrome?
Allostasis - correct answer ✔✔- process by which the body achieves stability
through physiological change
- physiologic changes (neuroendocrine, autoimmune, autonomic) that occurs from
chronic stress or challenges
homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔- The body strives for constancy despite changes
in internal and external environment. The goal is a steady state
EX: temp regulation, acid-base balance, blood sugar control
· Epinephrine and norepinephrine to stimulate fight or flight
· Know that when the SNS is stimulated - in a stress situation - blood is shunted to
the vital organs - leading to tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypertension. Blood is
also shunted AWAY from the nonvital organs - GI tract - leading to nausea, and the
kidneys - represented by oliguria, and the skin - leading to cool clammy skin -
correct answer ✔✔SNS with application to clinical setting
,· Cortisol - increase blood sugar, immune response suppressed, osteoblasts are
inhibited
· Advantages - curbs functions that are detrimental or nonessential in the fight-or-
flight situation
· Disadvantages - increased blood pressure
· Stress is a real or perceived threat to homeostasis; the body's response to any
stimuli placing an intense demand on it - correct answer ✔✔Stress response
Adrenal cortex
- increased blood sugar to provide energy for the body in the fight or flight
situation
elevated cortisol levels can lead to immune response repressed - correct answer
✔✔Outcome of cortisol and where does it come from.
Adrenal medulla
- increase BP, RR, and HR
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
short-term response only - to get the body out of a stressful situation - correct
answer ✔✔Outcome of catecholamines and where they come from.
Hypoxia (lack of oxygen to tissues) causes a build-up of lactic acid in blood leading
to this acid-base disorder. - correct answer ✔✔What is the most common cause
of cellular injury?
atrophy - correct answer ✔✔decreased size and functional capacity due to
decrease demand
,ex: muscle or heart
hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔enlargement of cells which leads to increased
size of organs due to increased demand
- increase workload increases size
- left ventricular; working out
hyperplasia - correct answer ✔✔increase in cell count
ex: pregnancy - physiologic
pathologic - skin warts and calluses
metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔a reversible change or replacement of one cell
type to another cell type
ex: lungs, cervix, esophagus, GERD, Barrett's esophagus
- always pathologic, but not cancer
dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔disorganized overgrowth of cells
- closer to cancer and still reversible
- ex: squamous epithelium cervix, esophagus, trachea (from columnar)
- cellular injury is reversible
- death is permanent
- cellular injury: cell is unable to maintain homeostasis
, - if we "catch" the problem during the "injury" phase, cellular function can be
restored to normal - correct answer ✔✔Differentiate cellular injury from death.
apoptosis - correct answer ✔✔controlled cell destruction
normal programmed death
physiologic or pathologic
too much can lead to atrophy
- failure to suppress may lead to cancer
necrosis - correct answer ✔✔uncontrolled, loss of cell membrane
- premature death
- always pathologic
Ex: gangrene
dystrophic calcification - correct answer ✔✔abnormal deposits of calcium salts in
aging or previously damaged tissue
ex: aortic stenosis
non reversible
Metastatic calcification - correct answer ✔✔occurs in normal tissue but
inappropriate site (lung, renal tubules, blood vessels)
- usually due to increased calcium level
ex: hyperparathyroidism, cancer with metastatic bone lesions
