GEO 3452 NEW MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE EXAM 100% VERIFIED
Three steps to conduct a medical geography research - ANSWER 1. Conceptual
Design - hypothesis generating
2. Methodology Design - Figure out how to best go about it, creating expectations?
3. Implementation - data collection, mapping, statistical analysis, hypothesis testing,
conclusion
The triangle of human ecology revolves around three main elements which are -
ANSWER Habitat, Human, and Behavior
What falls within the habitat vertex? - ANSWER 1. Natural environment - physical,
chemical, biotic
2. Built (man-made) environment
3. Social environment - culture, people surrounding us
What falls within the population/human vertex? - ANSWER genetic profile, gender,
income, age, nutritional status, education
What falls within the behavior vertex? - ANSWER creating/changing habitat conditions,
exposure to hazards, movement of people, vaccination
Formula for incidence - ANSWER # of new cases of a disease occurring in pop during
specific t / # of people at risk of developing this disease during t
dont forget to specify number of incidence
Formula for prevalence - ANSWER # of cases of a disease present in pop during t / # of
people in pop during t
,Formula for annual mortality/crude death rate - ANSWER total # of deaths from all
causes in a year / # of people in pop at the year
Formula for disease-specific mortality rate - ANSWER total # of deaths from a specific
disease in 1 year / # of people in pop at the year
Formula for age-specific mortality rate - ANSWER Total # of deaths from a specific age
group in 1 year / the pop of that age group at the year
Formula for case-fatality rate (%) - ANSWER # of cases of dying from a disease in a
year / # of cases with the specific disease in that year *100%
Formula for proportionate mortality rate - ANSWER # of deaths from a specific disease
in a year / total deaths in a year * 100%
Direct Age Standardization - ANSWER A method of adjusting mortality rates being
compared so that each population being compared has the same age structure
Steps of direct age standardization - ANSWER 1. Compute Age-specific death rates 2.
Calculate Standard Population, 3. Calculate expected deaths, 4. Calculate
Age-standardized Death Rate
Indirect Age Standardization - ANSWER Occurs when one population is being
compared; Uses external referent data; Makes 'expected' for contrast to the real
'observed' data
What is an infectious agent (pathogen)? - ANSWER commonly referred to as the virus,
bacterium, fungus, or parasite that is necessary to cause a disease
What are infectious diseases? - ANSWER Disease that result from activities of
infectious agents that invade that body
, Modes of Invasion (Transmission Routes) - ANSWER 1. Direct Contact (HIV/AIDS)
2. Airborne Inhalation (Flu)
3. Vector-borne (Malaria)
4. Water-borne/food-borne (cholera)
What is a host? - ANSWER The organism infected by a disease agent.
Examples: Humans, domesticated animals, etc.
What is a reservoir? - ANSWER The long-term host of disease agents. It is often the
case that hosts carry the disease agents but they do not develop disease symptoms.
Examples: water fowls - bird flu
Raccoons, skunks, dogs, and bats for rabies
What is a vector? - ANSWER An arthropod, such as a mosquito or tick or other insect,
that transmits disease agents from one host to another
What is zoonosis? - ANSWER A disease that often infects animals
Anthropo-zoonosis - ANSWER A disease that often infects both humans and animals
enzootic - ANSWER endemic in animals
epizootic - ANSWER epidemic in animals
Types of Transportation - ANSWER 1. Direct human to human (flu, syphilis, typhoid)
2. Direct Zoonosis (brucellosis, rabies)
3. Vectored Human disease (malaria)
Three steps to conduct a medical geography research - ANSWER 1. Conceptual
Design - hypothesis generating
2. Methodology Design - Figure out how to best go about it, creating expectations?
3. Implementation - data collection, mapping, statistical analysis, hypothesis testing,
conclusion
The triangle of human ecology revolves around three main elements which are -
ANSWER Habitat, Human, and Behavior
What falls within the habitat vertex? - ANSWER 1. Natural environment - physical,
chemical, biotic
2. Built (man-made) environment
3. Social environment - culture, people surrounding us
What falls within the population/human vertex? - ANSWER genetic profile, gender,
income, age, nutritional status, education
What falls within the behavior vertex? - ANSWER creating/changing habitat conditions,
exposure to hazards, movement of people, vaccination
Formula for incidence - ANSWER # of new cases of a disease occurring in pop during
specific t / # of people at risk of developing this disease during t
dont forget to specify number of incidence
Formula for prevalence - ANSWER # of cases of a disease present in pop during t / # of
people in pop during t
,Formula for annual mortality/crude death rate - ANSWER total # of deaths from all
causes in a year / # of people in pop at the year
Formula for disease-specific mortality rate - ANSWER total # of deaths from a specific
disease in 1 year / # of people in pop at the year
Formula for age-specific mortality rate - ANSWER Total # of deaths from a specific age
group in 1 year / the pop of that age group at the year
Formula for case-fatality rate (%) - ANSWER # of cases of dying from a disease in a
year / # of cases with the specific disease in that year *100%
Formula for proportionate mortality rate - ANSWER # of deaths from a specific disease
in a year / total deaths in a year * 100%
Direct Age Standardization - ANSWER A method of adjusting mortality rates being
compared so that each population being compared has the same age structure
Steps of direct age standardization - ANSWER 1. Compute Age-specific death rates 2.
Calculate Standard Population, 3. Calculate expected deaths, 4. Calculate
Age-standardized Death Rate
Indirect Age Standardization - ANSWER Occurs when one population is being
compared; Uses external referent data; Makes 'expected' for contrast to the real
'observed' data
What is an infectious agent (pathogen)? - ANSWER commonly referred to as the virus,
bacterium, fungus, or parasite that is necessary to cause a disease
What are infectious diseases? - ANSWER Disease that result from activities of
infectious agents that invade that body
, Modes of Invasion (Transmission Routes) - ANSWER 1. Direct Contact (HIV/AIDS)
2. Airborne Inhalation (Flu)
3. Vector-borne (Malaria)
4. Water-borne/food-borne (cholera)
What is a host? - ANSWER The organism infected by a disease agent.
Examples: Humans, domesticated animals, etc.
What is a reservoir? - ANSWER The long-term host of disease agents. It is often the
case that hosts carry the disease agents but they do not develop disease symptoms.
Examples: water fowls - bird flu
Raccoons, skunks, dogs, and bats for rabies
What is a vector? - ANSWER An arthropod, such as a mosquito or tick or other insect,
that transmits disease agents from one host to another
What is zoonosis? - ANSWER A disease that often infects animals
Anthropo-zoonosis - ANSWER A disease that often infects both humans and animals
enzootic - ANSWER endemic in animals
epizootic - ANSWER epidemic in animals
Types of Transportation - ANSWER 1. Direct human to human (flu, syphilis, typhoid)
2. Direct Zoonosis (brucellosis, rabies)
3. Vectored Human disease (malaria)
