UCLA LS 15 Final questions with verified answers
3 chief causes of mutations Ans✓✓✓ 1. Spontaneous Mutations (on accident
during duplication)
2. Radiation-induced (xray radiation disrupts atomic structure by removing tightly
bound electrons.)
3. Chemical-induced (cigarettes and exhaust)
4 tools used in biotech Ans✓✓✓ Chop up the DNA from a donor organism that
exhibits the trait of interest.
Amplify the small amount of DNA into larger quantities.
Insert pieces of the DNA into bacterial cells or viruses.
Grow separate colonies of the bacteria or viruses, each of which contains a
different inserted piece of donor DNA.
activation energy Ans✓✓✓ the minimum amount of energy required to start a
chemical reaction
active site Ans✓✓✓ The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical
reaction occurs. provides a place for the participants in a chemical reaction—the
reactants, or substrate molecules—to nestle briefly, while the reaction is ongoing
allele Ans✓✓✓ An alternative form of a gene that codes for the same feature
amino acids Ans✓✓✓ building blocks of proteins. Unique combinations of 20
amino acids—monomers—are strung together, like beads on a string, and the
resulting protein is a polymer with a unique structure and chemical behavior.
, amino group Ans✓✓✓ a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms
bond energy Ans✓✓✓ the energy required to break a chemical bond and form
neutral isolated atoms
buffer chemicals Ans✓✓✓ Substances that maintain proper body pH levels. can
quickly absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic, and
they can quickly release H+ ions to counteract any increases in OH− concentration
calorie Ans✓✓✓ Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water
1 degree C
carbohydrates Ans✓✓✓ the primary fuel for cells and also form much of the
structure of cells in all organisms. Carbohydrates always contain carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
carboxyl group Ans✓✓✓ a carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms
cellulose Ans✓✓✓ A substance (made of sugars) that forms a huge variety of
plant structures and is found in trees, cotton, and leaves and grasses. one small
difference in the chemical bond between cellulose and starch changes the three-
dimensional structure of the macromolecule, makes cellulose a sturdy structural
material that is impossible for humans to digest
chitin Ans✓✓✓ A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar
monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all
arthropods.
3 chief causes of mutations Ans✓✓✓ 1. Spontaneous Mutations (on accident
during duplication)
2. Radiation-induced (xray radiation disrupts atomic structure by removing tightly
bound electrons.)
3. Chemical-induced (cigarettes and exhaust)
4 tools used in biotech Ans✓✓✓ Chop up the DNA from a donor organism that
exhibits the trait of interest.
Amplify the small amount of DNA into larger quantities.
Insert pieces of the DNA into bacterial cells or viruses.
Grow separate colonies of the bacteria or viruses, each of which contains a
different inserted piece of donor DNA.
activation energy Ans✓✓✓ the minimum amount of energy required to start a
chemical reaction
active site Ans✓✓✓ The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical
reaction occurs. provides a place for the participants in a chemical reaction—the
reactants, or substrate molecules—to nestle briefly, while the reaction is ongoing
allele Ans✓✓✓ An alternative form of a gene that codes for the same feature
amino acids Ans✓✓✓ building blocks of proteins. Unique combinations of 20
amino acids—monomers—are strung together, like beads on a string, and the
resulting protein is a polymer with a unique structure and chemical behavior.
, amino group Ans✓✓✓ a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms
bond energy Ans✓✓✓ the energy required to break a chemical bond and form
neutral isolated atoms
buffer chemicals Ans✓✓✓ Substances that maintain proper body pH levels. can
quickly absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic, and
they can quickly release H+ ions to counteract any increases in OH− concentration
calorie Ans✓✓✓ Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water
1 degree C
carbohydrates Ans✓✓✓ the primary fuel for cells and also form much of the
structure of cells in all organisms. Carbohydrates always contain carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
carboxyl group Ans✓✓✓ a carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms
cellulose Ans✓✓✓ A substance (made of sugars) that forms a huge variety of
plant structures and is found in trees, cotton, and leaves and grasses. one small
difference in the chemical bond between cellulose and starch changes the three-
dimensional structure of the macromolecule, makes cellulose a sturdy structural
material that is impossible for humans to digest
chitin Ans✓✓✓ A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar
monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all
arthropods.
