FUNDAMENTALS OF
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PUNJAB BOARD
, NOTES
Fundamental Principles
Of Organic Chemistry
Introduction He synthesized organic compound from
inorganic compound in the laboratory
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of and vital force theory was rejected.
carbon compounds. Most of the organic
compounds also contain hydrogen and
Modern Definition of Organic
many compounds also contain oxygen and
Chemistry
other elements. There are few compound
which contain carbon but they are not “The branch of chemistry which deals with
organic compounds. e.g., CO, CO> metal the study of hydrocarbons and their
carbonates, bicarbonates, cyanide, and derivatives is called organic chemistry.”
carbides.
Early chemists believed that the Since the synthesis of urea from
compounds which are obtained from living ammonium cyanate, millions of organic
things (animals and plants) are called compounds have been prepared and
organic compound and which are analyzed. All these compounds contain
obtained from minerals are called organic carbon as an essential element. Apart from
compounds. carbon, most of the organic compounds
also contain hydrogen. Other elements
Synthesis of First Organic which may also be present include oxygen,
Compound in The Laboratory nitrogen, sulphur , etc. A few of the carbon
compounds such as CO, CO., carbonates,
For more than 200 years, chemist divided bicarbonates, etc. are studied as organic
materials into two categories. Those compounds. It also has been recognized
compounds which were isolated from that the chemical forces in organic
animal and plants were called organic compounds are similar to those, which
compounds. At one time, chemists exist, in organic compounds. Thus it
believed that organic compounds require a was felt that organic chemistry should be
vital force for their synthesis which is only redefined. According to the modern
present in animals and plants. This theory definition, organic chemistry is the branch
was called vital force theory. This theory of chemistry which deals with the study of
was rejected by friedrich Wohler when he hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
obtained urea accidentally. Friedrich
Wohler was interested in the chemistry of
cyanate compounds which contain Some Features of Organic
OCN-. In 1828, he tried to synthesize Comporunds
ammonium cyanate from silver cyanate
and ammonium chloride. What he Following are some features of organic
expected can be described by the compounds
following equation. (1) Peculiar Nature of Carbon
AgOCN + NH₄Cl AgCl + NH₄OCN Carbon forms a large number of
compounds. There are millions of organic
The product had isolated from this reaction compounds known at present. The main
was white crystalline solid identical to urea reason for such a large number of
which could be isolated from urine. compounds is its unique properly of linking
Actually ammonium cyanate on heating with other carbon atoms to form long
changed to urea. chains or rings. This self-linking property of
NH₂ carbon is called catenation. Carbon
NH₄OCN O=C also forms stable single and multiple
NH₂ bonds with other atoms like oxygen,
nitrogen and sulphur etc. It can thus form
Ammonium cyanate Urea(organic) numerous compounds of various sizes,
shapes and structures.
PUNJAB BOARD
, NOTES
(2) Non-ionic Character of Organic Importance of Organic Chemistry
Compounds
Organic compounds are generally Organic chemistry has a variety of
covalent compounds, therefore, do not applications in our lives and too much
give ionic reactions. important. A few areas are highlighted
here
(3) Similarity in Behaviour
All chemical reactions that take place
in animals and plants involve life
Organic compounds are classified
molecules like proteins,
according to their functional groups. The
carbohydrates, enzymes, lipids,
compounds which contain same type of
vitamins, fats and oils, nucleic acids.
functional group have same properties.
This property is called homologous series.
We are dependent upon the organic
This similarity in behaviour has
compounds in food, clothing and
reduced the study of millions of
medicines.
compounds to only a few homologous
series.
Chemists synthesize plastic, rubber,
detergents, medicines, paints,
(4) Complexity of Organic Compounds varnishes, fertilizers, artificial fibers,
pesticides, cosmetics, soap, cement,
Organic molecules are usually large and dyes etc.
structurally more complex. For example,
starch has the formula (C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙ where n
may be several thousands. Proteins are
very complex molecules having molecular
masses ranging from a few thousands
to a millions.
(5) Isomerism
Isomerism is a very common phenomenon
in organic compounds. Very often
more than one compounds are
represented by the same molecular
formula. However, they have different
structural formulas.
(6) Rates of Organic Reactions
The reactions involving organic
compounds are slow and in general the
yields are low. The slowness of the organic
reactions is due to the molecular nature
of organic compounds.
(7) Solubility
Most organic compounds are soluble in
water and dissolve readily non-polar
organic solvents, such as, benzene,
petroleum, ether etc.
PUNJAB BOARD
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PUNJAB BOARD
, NOTES
Fundamental Principles
Of Organic Chemistry
Introduction He synthesized organic compound from
inorganic compound in the laboratory
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of and vital force theory was rejected.
carbon compounds. Most of the organic
compounds also contain hydrogen and
Modern Definition of Organic
many compounds also contain oxygen and
Chemistry
other elements. There are few compound
which contain carbon but they are not “The branch of chemistry which deals with
organic compounds. e.g., CO, CO> metal the study of hydrocarbons and their
carbonates, bicarbonates, cyanide, and derivatives is called organic chemistry.”
carbides.
Early chemists believed that the Since the synthesis of urea from
compounds which are obtained from living ammonium cyanate, millions of organic
things (animals and plants) are called compounds have been prepared and
organic compound and which are analyzed. All these compounds contain
obtained from minerals are called organic carbon as an essential element. Apart from
compounds. carbon, most of the organic compounds
also contain hydrogen. Other elements
Synthesis of First Organic which may also be present include oxygen,
Compound in The Laboratory nitrogen, sulphur , etc. A few of the carbon
compounds such as CO, CO., carbonates,
For more than 200 years, chemist divided bicarbonates, etc. are studied as organic
materials into two categories. Those compounds. It also has been recognized
compounds which were isolated from that the chemical forces in organic
animal and plants were called organic compounds are similar to those, which
compounds. At one time, chemists exist, in organic compounds. Thus it
believed that organic compounds require a was felt that organic chemistry should be
vital force for their synthesis which is only redefined. According to the modern
present in animals and plants. This theory definition, organic chemistry is the branch
was called vital force theory. This theory of chemistry which deals with the study of
was rejected by friedrich Wohler when he hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
obtained urea accidentally. Friedrich
Wohler was interested in the chemistry of
cyanate compounds which contain Some Features of Organic
OCN-. In 1828, he tried to synthesize Comporunds
ammonium cyanate from silver cyanate
and ammonium chloride. What he Following are some features of organic
expected can be described by the compounds
following equation. (1) Peculiar Nature of Carbon
AgOCN + NH₄Cl AgCl + NH₄OCN Carbon forms a large number of
compounds. There are millions of organic
The product had isolated from this reaction compounds known at present. The main
was white crystalline solid identical to urea reason for such a large number of
which could be isolated from urine. compounds is its unique properly of linking
Actually ammonium cyanate on heating with other carbon atoms to form long
changed to urea. chains or rings. This self-linking property of
NH₂ carbon is called catenation. Carbon
NH₄OCN O=C also forms stable single and multiple
NH₂ bonds with other atoms like oxygen,
nitrogen and sulphur etc. It can thus form
Ammonium cyanate Urea(organic) numerous compounds of various sizes,
shapes and structures.
PUNJAB BOARD
, NOTES
(2) Non-ionic Character of Organic Importance of Organic Chemistry
Compounds
Organic compounds are generally Organic chemistry has a variety of
covalent compounds, therefore, do not applications in our lives and too much
give ionic reactions. important. A few areas are highlighted
here
(3) Similarity in Behaviour
All chemical reactions that take place
in animals and plants involve life
Organic compounds are classified
molecules like proteins,
according to their functional groups. The
carbohydrates, enzymes, lipids,
compounds which contain same type of
vitamins, fats and oils, nucleic acids.
functional group have same properties.
This property is called homologous series.
We are dependent upon the organic
This similarity in behaviour has
compounds in food, clothing and
reduced the study of millions of
medicines.
compounds to only a few homologous
series.
Chemists synthesize plastic, rubber,
detergents, medicines, paints,
(4) Complexity of Organic Compounds varnishes, fertilizers, artificial fibers,
pesticides, cosmetics, soap, cement,
Organic molecules are usually large and dyes etc.
structurally more complex. For example,
starch has the formula (C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙ where n
may be several thousands. Proteins are
very complex molecules having molecular
masses ranging from a few thousands
to a millions.
(5) Isomerism
Isomerism is a very common phenomenon
in organic compounds. Very often
more than one compounds are
represented by the same molecular
formula. However, they have different
structural formulas.
(6) Rates of Organic Reactions
The reactions involving organic
compounds are slow and in general the
yields are low. The slowness of the organic
reactions is due to the molecular nature
of organic compounds.
(7) Solubility
Most organic compounds are soluble in
water and dissolve readily non-polar
organic solvents, such as, benzene,
petroleum, ether etc.
PUNJAB BOARD
