WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective A
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ssessment Questions and Verified Answers
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| Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
h h h h h
WhathishStarling'shLawhofhCapillaryhforces?
Howhdoeshthishexplainhwhyhahnutritionallyhdeficienthchildhwouldhhavehedema?
-
h ☑️☑️Starling'shLawhdescribeshhowhfluidshmovehacrosshthehcapillaryhmembrane.hThereharehtwohmajorhoppo
singhforceshthathacthtohbalanceheachhother,hhydrostatichpressureh(pushinghwaterhouthofhthehcapillaries)h
andhosmotichpressureh(includinghoncontichpressure,hwhichhpusheshfluidhintohthehcapillaries).
Bothhelectrolyteshandhproteinsh(oncontichpressure)hinhthehbloodhaffecthosmotichpressure,hhig
hhelectrolytehandhproteinhconcentrationshinhthehbloodhwouldhcausehwaterhtohleavehthehcellsha
ndhinterstitialhspacehandhenterhthehbloodhstreamhtohdilutehthehhighhconcentrations.
On,hthehotherhhand,hlowhelectrolytehandhproteinhconcentrationsh(ashseenhinhahnutritionallyhdeficienthchi
ld)hwouldhcausehwaterhtohleavehthehcapillarieshandhenterhthehcellshandhinterstitialhfluidhwhichhcanhleadhto
h edema.
HowhdoeshthehRAASh(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronehSystem)hresulthinhincreasedhbloodhvolumehandhincreasedhbloodhpressure?
,WGUhD236hpathophysiologyhOAhExamhStudyhGuideh2023hQuestionshandhAnswers
-
h ☑️☑️Ahdrophinhbloodhpressurehishsensedhbyhthehkidneyshbyhlowhperfusion,hwhichhinhturnhbeginshtohsecreteh
renin.
Reninhthenhtriggershthehliverhtohproducehangiotensinogen,hwhichhishconvertedhtohAngiotensinhIhinhthehlun
gshandhthenhangiotensinhIIhbyhthehenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertinghenzymeh(ACE).hAngiotensinhIIhstimulateshperipheralharterialhvasoconstrictionhwhichhraiseshBP.
AngiotensinhIIhishalsohstimulatinghthehadrenalhglandhtohreleasehaldosterone,hwhichhactshtohincreasehsodi
umhandhwaterhreabsorptionhincreasinghbloodhvolume,hwhilehalsohincreasedhpotassiumhsecretionhinhurine
.
Howhcanhhyperkalemiahleadhtohcardiacharrest?
-
☑️☑️Normalhlevelshofhpotassiumharehbetweenh3.5handh5.2hmEq/dL.hHyperkalemiahrefershtohpota
h
ssiumhlevelshhigherhthath5.2hmEq/dL.
Ahmajorhfunctionhofhpotassiumhishtohconducthnervehimpulseshinhmuscles.hToohlowhandhmusclehweaknessho
ccurshandhtoohmuchhcanhcausehmusclehspasms.
,WGUhD236hpathophysiologyhOAhExamhStudyhGuideh2023hQuestionshandhAnswers
Thishishespeciallyhdangeroushinhthehhearthmusclehandhanhirregularhheartbeathcanhcausehahhearthattack
ThehbodyhuseshthehProteinhBufferinghSystem,hPhosphatehBufferinghSystem,handhCarbonichAcid-
h BicarbonatehSystemhtohregulatehandhmaintainhhomeostatichpH,hwhathishthehconsequencehofhahpHhimbalan
ce
- ☑️☑️ProteinshcontainhmanyhacidichandhbasichgrouphthathcanhbehaffectedhbyhpHhchanges.hAnyhincreasehorh
decreasehinhbloodhpHhcanhalterhthehstructurehofhthehproteinh(denature),htherebyhaffectinghitshfunctionha
shwell
Describehthehlaboratoryhfindingshassociatedhwithhmetabolichacidosis,hmetabolichalkalosis,hrespiratoryhacid
osishandhrespiratoryhalkalosis.h(iehrelativehpHhandhCO2hlevels).
- ☑️☑️NormalhABGsh(ArterialhBloodhGases)hBloodhpH:h7.35-7.45hPCO2:h35-45hmmhHghPO2:h90-
100hmmhHghHCO3-:h22-26hmEq/LhSaO2:h95-100%
RespiratoryhacidosishandhalkalosisharehmarkedhbyhchangeshinhPCO2.hHigherh=hacidosishandhlowerh=halkalo
sis
MetabolichacidosishandhalkalosisharehcausedhbyhsomethinghotherhthanhabnormalhCO2hlevels.hThishcouldhinc
ludehtoxicity,hdiabetes,hrenalhfailurehorhexcessivehGIhlosses.
, WGUhD236hpathophysiologyhOAhExamhStudyhGuideh2023hQuestionshandhAnswers
Hereharehthehruleshtohfollowhtohdeterminehifhishrespiratoryhorhmetabolichinhnature.h-
IfhpHhandhPCO2harehmovinghinhoppositehdirections,hthenhithishthehpCO2hlevelshthatharehcausinghthehimbala
ncehandhithishrespiratoryhinhnature.
-
IfhPCO2hishnormalhorhishmovinghinhthehsamehdirectionhashthehpH,hthenhthehimbalancehishmetabolichinhnatur
e.
Thehanionhgaphishthehdifferencehbetweenhmeasuredhcationsh(Na+handhK+)handhmeasuredhanionsh(Cl-
andhHCO3-),hthishcalculationhcanhbehusefulhinhdetermininghthehcausehofhmetabolichacidosis.
h
Whyhwouldhanhincreasedhanionhgaphbehobservedhinhdiabetichketoacidosishorhlactichacidosis?
- ☑️☑️Theh anionh gaph ish theh calculationh ofh unmeasuredh anionsh inh theh blood.
Lactichacidhandhketoneshbothhleadhtohthehproductionhofhunmeasuredhanions,hwhichhremovehHCO3-
(ahmeasuredhanion)hduehtohbufferinghofhthehexcesshH+handhthereforehleadshtohanhincreasehinhthehAG.
h
Whyhishithimportanthtohmaintainhahhomeostatichbalancehofhglucosehinhthehbloodh(iehdescribehthehpathogen
esishofhdiabetes)?
- ☑️☑️Insulinhishthehhormonehresponsiblehforhinitiatinghthehuptakehofhglucosehbyhthehcells.hCellshusehglu
cosehtohproducehenergyh(ATP).
h h h h
ssessment Questions and Verified Answers
h h h h
| Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
h h h h h
WhathishStarling'shLawhofhCapillaryhforces?
Howhdoeshthishexplainhwhyhahnutritionallyhdeficienthchildhwouldhhavehedema?
-
h ☑️☑️Starling'shLawhdescribeshhowhfluidshmovehacrosshthehcapillaryhmembrane.hThereharehtwohmajorhoppo
singhforceshthathacthtohbalanceheachhother,hhydrostatichpressureh(pushinghwaterhouthofhthehcapillaries)h
andhosmotichpressureh(includinghoncontichpressure,hwhichhpusheshfluidhintohthehcapillaries).
Bothhelectrolyteshandhproteinsh(oncontichpressure)hinhthehbloodhaffecthosmotichpressure,hhig
hhelectrolytehandhproteinhconcentrationshinhthehbloodhwouldhcausehwaterhtohleavehthehcellsha
ndhinterstitialhspacehandhenterhthehbloodhstreamhtohdilutehthehhighhconcentrations.
On,hthehotherhhand,hlowhelectrolytehandhproteinhconcentrationsh(ashseenhinhahnutritionallyhdeficienthchi
ld)hwouldhcausehwaterhtohleavehthehcapillarieshandhenterhthehcellshandhinterstitialhfluidhwhichhcanhleadhto
h edema.
HowhdoeshthehRAASh(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronehSystem)hresulthinhincreasedhbloodhvolumehandhincreasedhbloodhpressure?
,WGUhD236hpathophysiologyhOAhExamhStudyhGuideh2023hQuestionshandhAnswers
-
h ☑️☑️Ahdrophinhbloodhpressurehishsensedhbyhthehkidneyshbyhlowhperfusion,hwhichhinhturnhbeginshtohsecreteh
renin.
Reninhthenhtriggershthehliverhtohproducehangiotensinogen,hwhichhishconvertedhtohAngiotensinhIhinhthehlun
gshandhthenhangiotensinhIIhbyhthehenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertinghenzymeh(ACE).hAngiotensinhIIhstimulateshperipheralharterialhvasoconstrictionhwhichhraiseshBP.
AngiotensinhIIhishalsohstimulatinghthehadrenalhglandhtohreleasehaldosterone,hwhichhactshtohincreasehsodi
umhandhwaterhreabsorptionhincreasinghbloodhvolume,hwhilehalsohincreasedhpotassiumhsecretionhinhurine
.
Howhcanhhyperkalemiahleadhtohcardiacharrest?
-
☑️☑️Normalhlevelshofhpotassiumharehbetweenh3.5handh5.2hmEq/dL.hHyperkalemiahrefershtohpota
h
ssiumhlevelshhigherhthath5.2hmEq/dL.
Ahmajorhfunctionhofhpotassiumhishtohconducthnervehimpulseshinhmuscles.hToohlowhandhmusclehweaknessho
ccurshandhtoohmuchhcanhcausehmusclehspasms.
,WGUhD236hpathophysiologyhOAhExamhStudyhGuideh2023hQuestionshandhAnswers
Thishishespeciallyhdangeroushinhthehhearthmusclehandhanhirregularhheartbeathcanhcausehahhearthattack
ThehbodyhuseshthehProteinhBufferinghSystem,hPhosphatehBufferinghSystem,handhCarbonichAcid-
h BicarbonatehSystemhtohregulatehandhmaintainhhomeostatichpH,hwhathishthehconsequencehofhahpHhimbalan
ce
- ☑️☑️ProteinshcontainhmanyhacidichandhbasichgrouphthathcanhbehaffectedhbyhpHhchanges.hAnyhincreasehorh
decreasehinhbloodhpHhcanhalterhthehstructurehofhthehproteinh(denature),htherebyhaffectinghitshfunctionha
shwell
Describehthehlaboratoryhfindingshassociatedhwithhmetabolichacidosis,hmetabolichalkalosis,hrespiratoryhacid
osishandhrespiratoryhalkalosis.h(iehrelativehpHhandhCO2hlevels).
- ☑️☑️NormalhABGsh(ArterialhBloodhGases)hBloodhpH:h7.35-7.45hPCO2:h35-45hmmhHghPO2:h90-
100hmmhHghHCO3-:h22-26hmEq/LhSaO2:h95-100%
RespiratoryhacidosishandhalkalosisharehmarkedhbyhchangeshinhPCO2.hHigherh=hacidosishandhlowerh=halkalo
sis
MetabolichacidosishandhalkalosisharehcausedhbyhsomethinghotherhthanhabnormalhCO2hlevels.hThishcouldhinc
ludehtoxicity,hdiabetes,hrenalhfailurehorhexcessivehGIhlosses.
, WGUhD236hpathophysiologyhOAhExamhStudyhGuideh2023hQuestionshandhAnswers
Hereharehthehruleshtohfollowhtohdeterminehifhishrespiratoryhorhmetabolichinhnature.h-
IfhpHhandhPCO2harehmovinghinhoppositehdirections,hthenhithishthehpCO2hlevelshthatharehcausinghthehimbala
ncehandhithishrespiratoryhinhnature.
-
IfhPCO2hishnormalhorhishmovinghinhthehsamehdirectionhashthehpH,hthenhthehimbalancehishmetabolichinhnatur
e.
Thehanionhgaphishthehdifferencehbetweenhmeasuredhcationsh(Na+handhK+)handhmeasuredhanionsh(Cl-
andhHCO3-),hthishcalculationhcanhbehusefulhinhdetermininghthehcausehofhmetabolichacidosis.
h
Whyhwouldhanhincreasedhanionhgaphbehobservedhinhdiabetichketoacidosishorhlactichacidosis?
- ☑️☑️Theh anionh gaph ish theh calculationh ofh unmeasuredh anionsh inh theh blood.
Lactichacidhandhketoneshbothhleadhtohthehproductionhofhunmeasuredhanions,hwhichhremovehHCO3-
(ahmeasuredhanion)hduehtohbufferinghofhthehexcesshH+handhthereforehleadshtohanhincreasehinhthehAG.
h
Whyhishithimportanthtohmaintainhahhomeostatichbalancehofhglucosehinhthehbloodh(iehdescribehthehpathogen
esishofhdiabetes)?
- ☑️☑️Insulinhishthehhormonehresponsiblehforhinitiatinghthehuptakehofhglucosehbyhthehcells.hCellshusehglu
cosehtohproducehenergyh(ATP).
