lOMoARo o
4028242
cPSD| 1
PGY300oendocrineophysiologyostudyoguide;oSpringo2021
How to study endocrine physiology:
o o o o
Iogetothisoquestionoaolot,oandoI’moneverosureohowotooansweroit,osinceoI’veoneverotakenotheocourseoandoIothinkotoosom
eoextentothisoisoanoindividualochoice.o IoguessoifoIowereoputtingomyselfoinoyouroplace…
1. Listenotootheolectureovideosowithotheonotesoinohand.oTakeosomeoadditionalonotes,obutoconcentrateoono
understanding.
2. Goothroughoyouronotes,oandomakeosureoyouounderstandoeverything.oThisoisotheotimeotoofocusoonobigopictureos
tuff.oYouoshouldodoothisowithomyoPowerPointonotesosooyouocanogoooverotheoanimatedoslidesocarefullyoifoyouowi
sh;oyouocanoalsooreferotootheovideooifoyouowish.oThisowillotakeosomeotime;oprobablyoabouto2ohoursoperohouroofol
ecture,ooroperhapsomoreodependingoyourostudyospeed.oWhenoyou’reodone,oanswerotheoreviewoquestionsoatot
heobackoofoeachotopico(theoanswersostartoonopageo2).oIfoyou’veodoneoaogoodojob,oyouoshouldobeoableotooansw
erothemomoreooroless.oIoexpectothatothisowillotakeoupotheobulkoofoyourostudyotime,obutoatothisopointoyouoshouldo
beoreadyotoobeotested.
a. Ifoyouogetohungoupoonosomething,oeitherosendomeoanoe-
mail,oorotalkotoomeoduringoofficeohours.oIfoitoisoaopointothatoisokeepingoyouofromounderstandingotheoresto
ofotheomaterial,oe-mailomeosoonosooitodoesn’tobecomeoaoproblem.
b. MemorizeotheothingsoIotelloyouotoomemorize;oincludingobyonotolimitedoto:
i. Hormoneso&otheiropropertiesoandofunctions
ii. Definitionsoorotermsoyouodon’toalreadyoknow
c. Ifoatoanyopointoyouofindoyourselfopanickingoaboutotheoamountoofomaterial,otakeoaoquickolookoatotheop
racticeotestotoogetoanoideaoofowhatoIoask.oTheotestoisoonlyo33oquestionsolong,ooro2-
3oquestionsoperotopic,osoodon’togetoboggedodownoinodetails.
3. Afteroyou’veogoneothroughotheolecturesoupotootheoendoofoTopico3,ofillooutotheotableoofosteroidovsohormone
propertiesoonopageo30.o Repeatothisoexerciseoasomanyotimesoasonecessaryountiloitoisoeasy.
4. ThenofillooutotheoHPAodiagramoonopageo31owithofeedbackoloops.oItoisoOKotoouseotheotableoofoabbreviationsoono
pageo33otoohelpoyou,osinceoitowillobeoattachedotootheotest.o Remember,omanyohormonesoareonotoinvolvedoinoth
eoHPA.
5. Fillooutotheoepinephrineovsothyroidohormoneotableoonopageo31.
6. MakeosureoyouoknowotheomeaningoofotheotermsoyouoputoonotheoflashocardsoyouomadeoinoStepo2c.
7. Goothroughotheonowocompleteosetohormoneoflashocards.o Quizoyourselfoonotheofollowing:
a. Steroid,oprotein,ooroamide?
b. Endocrineotissue
c. Target
d. Effects
i. Metabolic
1. Areotheyoinvolvedoinometabolism?
2. Anabolicoorocatabolic?
ii. Otheroeffects
8. Nowotakeotheopracticeoexamostartingoonopageo34.oIfoyouodon’tounderstandowhyoyouomissedosomeoofothem,
askoatotheoreviewosessionooroe-mailomeoifoyouocan’tomakeoit.
9. Atothisopoint,oyouoshouldobeoreadyotoogo.o RepeatoStepso3-8oifoyouohaveotimeobeforeotheotest.
10. Muchoisoknownoaboutotheoneurobiologyoofomemory.oItoisoknown,oforoexample,othatomemoryoconsolidationo(t
heoprocessothatoyouoneedotoorecallofactsoonoaotest)ohappensowhileoyouoareoasleep.oPullingoall-
nightersotoocramoforotestsojustodoesn’towork.o Tryotoogetosomeosleep.
NoteothatoIohaveo9ohoursoofolecture.oIoestimateothatoyouowilloneedotoobudgetoatoleasto27ohoursotooprepareoforomyoe
xam.oIfoyouostartoearlyothereoisoplentyoofotime.oButotheoclockoisotickingoandoitoisoimperativeothatoyouogetostartedoasos
oonoasopossible.
1
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4028242
cPSD| 1
PGY300oendocrineophysiologyostudyoguide;oSpringo2021
Answers to Topic 1 review questions
o o o o o
1. Define
a. Homeostasiso--
oHomeostasisoisotheostableostateoofointernaloenvironmentothatomustobeoactivelyomaintainedoagainstooutsid
eoperturbations.
b. Hormoneo--
oAohormoneoisoaochemicaloproducedoinospecificocellsothatoisotransportedoinotheobloodooroECF,owhichoregulatesos
ignalingoinospecificotargetotissuesoresultingoinoaocellularoresponse.
c. Circadian,oultradiano&oinfradiano--
ocircadianorefersotootheo24ohouroday/nightocycleo(ororhythm)oofomanyobiologicaloprocesses,oincludingoh
ormoneorelease.o Ultradianoiso<24ohoursowhileoinfradianoiso>25ohours.
d. Half-lifeo--oTheotimeoitotakesoforotheoconcentrationoofoaohormoneotoodecreaseobyohalfo(t½)
e. Amideohormoneo--oAohormoneoderivedofromoaosingleoaminooacid,ousuallyotyrosine
2. Thinkoofoaophysiologicalofunctionothatoisohomeostatico(itodoesonotoneedotoobeocontrolledobyotheoendocrineosystem)
.oThinkoofooneonon-pathogenicophysiologicalofunctionothatoisonotohomeostatic.
HomeostaticofunctionsoincludeoregulationobloodopH,obodyotemp,obloodoNa⁺,oK⁺ooroCa²⁺,ooxygenolevels,o
bloodopressure,oglucoseolevels,ohydration,obodyoweighto(mass)oinoanoadult;oI'mosureothereoareolotsomo
re.o Nonohomeostaticofunctionsoincludeopregnancyo&opuberty.
3. Whatoareotheocomponentsoofoendocrineosystems?
Input→o(Endocrineotissue)→oHormoneo→o(Target:[Receptoro→oSignal]→oResponse)→oFeedback
4. Defineohydrophobico&ohydrophilic.o Whichotypeoofohormoneoisohydrophobic?
Waterohatingo&owaterolovingo,oinsolubleoandosolubleoinoaqueousosolution,orespectively.o Steroidsoareohydro
phobico(ifoyouomissedothatoone,ostartooveroandoreviewotheolectureoagain).
5. Labeloeachoofotheofollowingostepsoinohormoneosynthesisoorocharacteristicoofohormonesoaso"Protein",o"Steroid",oor
o"Both"
a. Canobeosynthesizedoinomultipleotissueso-steroids
b. TravelofreelyoinoECFo-oproteins
c. Bindsotooaoreceptoro-oboth
d. Modificationobyo11-hydroxylaseo-osteroids
e. Madeofromoaminooacidso-oproteins
f. Releasedofromotheoendocrineotissueobyoexocytosiso-oproteins
g. Oneoprecursorocanogiveoriseotoodifferentohormoneso-obotho(thinkoofoPOMC;otrickoquestion)
h. Regulatedobyotranscriptiono-oboth
i. Aohalf-lifeo(t½)oofo4ominuteso-oproteins
j. Referenceorangeoofo0.05otoo0.25oμMo-osteroids
k. Increasedoreleaseoatonighto-oboth
6. Atotheobeginningoofotheosemesteroyouolearnedoaboutoneurobiologyoandotheonervousosystem.oIfoyouothinkoaboutoit,oi
nomanyowaysotheoendocrineosystemoandotheonervousosystemoareosimilaroinothatotheyoreleaseoaochemicalo(hormoneo
oroneurotransmitter)othatobindsoanoreceptoroandoelicitsoaoresponse,oandoareobothocriticalotoophysiologicalocommuni
cationoandohomeostasis.o Butohowoareotheyodifferento(thereoareomanyoways)?
Thatowasofun,owasn'toit?oThisoisowhatoIocameoupowith:oTheonervousosystemocanoonlyotargeto(mostly)oot
heronervesooromuscles.oTheoendocrineosystemocanotargetoanyotissue.oTheoendocrineosystemolacksosyna
psesoandoaosystemooforeuptakeolikeotheonervousosystemohas.o Ao50oμmosynapseowillocommunicateomuc
hofasterothanoaohormoneothatoneedsotootraveloseveralofeetothroughotheocirculationoinosomeocases.oReu
ptakeoofoneurotransmittersoatotheosynapseogivesotheonervousosystemomuchobetterocontrol,oandoaomor
eorapido"firingorate"othanoendocrineotissuesothatolooseoallotheohormonesowhenoreleased.
2
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PGY300oendocrineophysiologyostudyoguide;oSpringo2021
7. Whatoisotheocommonotermoforoaochemicaloreleasedofromospecificocells,owhichoafterotransportothroughotheobloo
dostreamooroextracellularofluid,oactivatesosignalingopathwaysoinotargetocellsowhoseoresponseoisotooinfluenceoho
meostasisoorodevelopment?
A. Hormone
B. Steroid
C. Gonadotropin
D. Adipokine
E. Receptor
TheoansweroisoA,oHormone.o98.5%oofotheoclassogotothisocorrect.oAofewostudentsowentoforoB;oSteroi
dofitowithinothisodefinition,obutoremember,oyouowantotooselectotheoBESToanswer.oThereoareoonlyoao
fewothingsotooaskofromothisotopic,oandomostoareonotoveryohard.oWhereotheoideasoinothisotopicowillo
generateoexamoquestionsoisowillocomeoafteroyouoknowospecificohormonesoandocanoapplyotheseopri
nciples.
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Answers to Topic 2 review questions
o o o o o
1. Whatomajoropropertyodistinguishesoproteinoandosteroidohormoneosignaling?
Steroidsoenterotheocells,obindotootranscriptionofactorsoandoregulateotranscription.oProteinsoalwayso
bindotoocellosurfaceoreceptorsoandoinitiateosignalotransductionocascadesothatoregulateoaovarietyoofo
cellularoresponses.
2. Whatopropertyoofoaotissue,ocell,ooroorganomakesoitoaotargetoforoaospecificoproteinohormone?oHowoisothisodifferentofor
osteroidohormones?
Theopresenceoofoaocellosurfaceoreceptor.o Steroidoreceptorsoareonotoonotheocellosurface,oandosteroidso
areosubjectotoochemicalomodificationoonceothey'veoenteredotheocell,owhichocanoalterotheiroreceptoro
bindingocharacteristics.
3. Labeloeachoofotheofollowingostepsoinohormoneosignalingoaso"Protein",o"Steroid",ooro"Both"
a. Bindsoexclusivelyotooaocellosurfaceoreceptoro-oprotein
b. Canoactivatesoororepressotranscriptiono-oboth
c. Passesothroughomembranesotoobindotooaoreceptoroinotheocytoplasmo-osteroid
d. Convertedotooaomatureohormoneobyoitsotargetotissueo-osteroid
e. Oftenoworksowithinosecondsooforeceptorobindingo-oprotein
f. ResultsoinoreleaseoofointracellularoCa²⁺ostoreso-oprotein
4. HowowouldoyouodescribeotheoroleoofocyclicoAMPo(cAMP)oandocalciumoinoanoendocrineoresponse?
Secondomessenger
5. Describeotheosequenceoofoeventsoafteroaohormoneobindsotooaotyrosineokinaseoreceptor.
Hormoneobindsotheoreceptoro→oreceptoroconformationalochangeoleadsotooactivationoofotheoreceptor'so
TKoactivityo→oTKophosphorylatesotyrosinesoonotargetoproteins,ochangingosomeopropertyoofothatoprotei
no→oresponse.
6. Bloodovesselsorespondotooepinephrine,obutodependingoonotheolocation,otheiroresponseocanobeoquiteodifferent.o Why?
Differentoreceptors
3
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PGY300oendocrineophysiologyostudyoguide;oSpringo2021
7. Whichoofotheofollowingoisoaopropertyoofocorticotropinoreleasingohormone,ofollicleostimulatingohormone,oandogrowth
ohormoneosignalingo(HINT:o Alloproteinohormones)?
A. Cellosurfaceoreceptorobinding
B. Diffusionointootheocellonucleus
C. Activationoofotranscription
D. Inhibitionoofoaotyrosineokinase
E. Conversionotooanoactiveoformoinotheotargetotissue
TheoansweroisoA.oTheooriginaloquestionodidonotoincludeotheohintothatoallotheseowereoproteinohormo
nes,obutoI'lloshowoyouohowotoohandleothatoinotheonextosection.o Withothatohint,oyouoshouldorecallosli
deo2-
12othatosaido"Proteinohormones:oCellosurfaceoreceptorso→oALWAYS,"owhichoIoconsiderotoobeoaover
yoimportantopoint.o72%oansweredothisocorrectly,o90%oofotheoupperoparto(alwayso27%,oI'monotosure
owhy)oandoonlyo51%oofotheolowero27%;otheoupperoandolowerogroupsorepresentoaoB+oandoaboveoan
doaoC-oandobelow.
Ifoyou'reonotosure,oitoisoimportantotooeliminateotheootherochoices.oTheosecondomostopopularoanswe
rowasoCo(19%),owhichoisn'tocorrectoofoallothreeohormones,obutoyouowouldonotohaveoknownothat.oHo
wever,osinceonotoalloproteinohormonesoregulateotranscription,oAoisoclearlyotheobestoanswer.o Bo&oEo
areopropertiesoofosteroids.o Doisosomeonon-senseoIojustomadeoup.
Iodon'toaskomanyodirectoquestionsoonothisotopic.o I'momuchomoreolikelyotoodoosomethingolikeoIodidohe
re,ogiveoyouoexamplesoandoforceoyouotoofitotheospecificohormoneointootheogeneraloexample,owhicho
isomuchomoreointerestingothanosomeopointoofostraightomemorization.
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Answers to Topic 3 review questions
o o o o o
1. Describeohowonegativeofeedbackoregulatesohomeostasis.
Negativeofeedbackoservesotooreduceoanoexcessiveoresponseoandotookeepoaohormoneo(oroothero
variable,olikeobodyotemperature)owithinotheonormaloorocorrectorange.
2. Whatodistinguishesocomplexofromosimpleoinputs?o Whichoisomoreolikelyotoobeoregulatedobyonegativeofeedback?
Simpleoinputsoareosensedobyotheosameotissueothatoresponds,omakingotheoinputoandoresponseotheosameo
parameter.oComplexoinputsoareogenerallyointegratedoinotheohypothalamus,oalthoughotheyodon'tohaveo
toobeobyodefinitiono(Iocan'tothinkoofoanoexceptionooffohand).oNoteothatothereoareosimpleoinputsointootheo
CNS.
3. Whatoareotheoinputsointegratedobyotheohypothalamus?
Iodon'tocareoifoyouodidn'togetoalloofothese,obutotheoareoautonomicosignals,obiologicalorhythms,oallotypeso
ofostress,oosmoticostateo(water),otemperatureo(internaloandoexternal),osensoryostimuli,otheostatusoofoe
nergyostoresoinoadiposeotissue,otheoamountoofofoodoyou'veoconsumed,oandotheocaloriesoexpended.
4
4028242
cPSD| 1
PGY300oendocrineophysiologyostudyoguide;oSpringo2021
How to study endocrine physiology:
o o o o
Iogetothisoquestionoaolot,oandoI’moneverosureohowotooansweroit,osinceoI’veoneverotakenotheocourseoandoIothinkotoosom
eoextentothisoisoanoindividualochoice.o IoguessoifoIowereoputtingomyselfoinoyouroplace…
1. Listenotootheolectureovideosowithotheonotesoinohand.oTakeosomeoadditionalonotes,obutoconcentrateoono
understanding.
2. Goothroughoyouronotes,oandomakeosureoyouounderstandoeverything.oThisoisotheotimeotoofocusoonobigopictureos
tuff.oYouoshouldodoothisowithomyoPowerPointonotesosooyouocanogoooverotheoanimatedoslidesocarefullyoifoyouowi
sh;oyouocanoalsooreferotootheovideooifoyouowish.oThisowillotakeosomeotime;oprobablyoabouto2ohoursoperohouroofol
ecture,ooroperhapsomoreodependingoyourostudyospeed.oWhenoyou’reodone,oanswerotheoreviewoquestionsoatot
heobackoofoeachotopico(theoanswersostartoonopageo2).oIfoyou’veodoneoaogoodojob,oyouoshouldobeoableotooansw
erothemomoreooroless.oIoexpectothatothisowillotakeoupotheobulkoofoyourostudyotime,obutoatothisopointoyouoshouldo
beoreadyotoobeotested.
a. Ifoyouogetohungoupoonosomething,oeitherosendomeoanoe-
mail,oorotalkotoomeoduringoofficeohours.oIfoitoisoaopointothatoisokeepingoyouofromounderstandingotheoresto
ofotheomaterial,oe-mailomeosoonosooitodoesn’tobecomeoaoproblem.
b. MemorizeotheothingsoIotelloyouotoomemorize;oincludingobyonotolimitedoto:
i. Hormoneso&otheiropropertiesoandofunctions
ii. Definitionsoorotermsoyouodon’toalreadyoknow
c. Ifoatoanyopointoyouofindoyourselfopanickingoaboutotheoamountoofomaterial,otakeoaoquickolookoatotheop
racticeotestotoogetoanoideaoofowhatoIoask.oTheotestoisoonlyo33oquestionsolong,ooro2-
3oquestionsoperotopic,osoodon’togetoboggedodownoinodetails.
3. Afteroyou’veogoneothroughotheolecturesoupotootheoendoofoTopico3,ofillooutotheotableoofosteroidovsohormone
propertiesoonopageo30.o Repeatothisoexerciseoasomanyotimesoasonecessaryountiloitoisoeasy.
4. ThenofillooutotheoHPAodiagramoonopageo31owithofeedbackoloops.oItoisoOKotoouseotheotableoofoabbreviationsoono
pageo33otoohelpoyou,osinceoitowillobeoattachedotootheotest.o Remember,omanyohormonesoareonotoinvolvedoinoth
eoHPA.
5. Fillooutotheoepinephrineovsothyroidohormoneotableoonopageo31.
6. MakeosureoyouoknowotheomeaningoofotheotermsoyouoputoonotheoflashocardsoyouomadeoinoStepo2c.
7. Goothroughotheonowocompleteosetohormoneoflashocards.o Quizoyourselfoonotheofollowing:
a. Steroid,oprotein,ooroamide?
b. Endocrineotissue
c. Target
d. Effects
i. Metabolic
1. Areotheyoinvolvedoinometabolism?
2. Anabolicoorocatabolic?
ii. Otheroeffects
8. Nowotakeotheopracticeoexamostartingoonopageo34.oIfoyouodon’tounderstandowhyoyouomissedosomeoofothem,
askoatotheoreviewosessionooroe-mailomeoifoyouocan’tomakeoit.
9. Atothisopoint,oyouoshouldobeoreadyotoogo.o RepeatoStepso3-8oifoyouohaveotimeobeforeotheotest.
10. Muchoisoknownoaboutotheoneurobiologyoofomemory.oItoisoknown,oforoexample,othatomemoryoconsolidationo(t
heoprocessothatoyouoneedotoorecallofactsoonoaotest)ohappensowhileoyouoareoasleep.oPullingoall-
nightersotoocramoforotestsojustodoesn’towork.o Tryotoogetosomeosleep.
NoteothatoIohaveo9ohoursoofolecture.oIoestimateothatoyouowilloneedotoobudgetoatoleasto27ohoursotooprepareoforomyoe
xam.oIfoyouostartoearlyothereoisoplentyoofotime.oButotheoclockoisotickingoandoitoisoimperativeothatoyouogetostartedoasos
oonoasopossible.
1
, lOMoARo o
4028242
cPSD| 1
PGY300oendocrineophysiologyostudyoguide;oSpringo2021
Answers to Topic 1 review questions
o o o o o
1. Define
a. Homeostasiso--
oHomeostasisoisotheostableostateoofointernaloenvironmentothatomustobeoactivelyomaintainedoagainstooutsid
eoperturbations.
b. Hormoneo--
oAohormoneoisoaochemicaloproducedoinospecificocellsothatoisotransportedoinotheobloodooroECF,owhichoregulatesos
ignalingoinospecificotargetotissuesoresultingoinoaocellularoresponse.
c. Circadian,oultradiano&oinfradiano--
ocircadianorefersotootheo24ohouroday/nightocycleo(ororhythm)oofomanyobiologicaloprocesses,oincludingoh
ormoneorelease.o Ultradianoiso<24ohoursowhileoinfradianoiso>25ohours.
d. Half-lifeo--oTheotimeoitotakesoforotheoconcentrationoofoaohormoneotoodecreaseobyohalfo(t½)
e. Amideohormoneo--oAohormoneoderivedofromoaosingleoaminooacid,ousuallyotyrosine
2. Thinkoofoaophysiologicalofunctionothatoisohomeostatico(itodoesonotoneedotoobeocontrolledobyotheoendocrineosystem)
.oThinkoofooneonon-pathogenicophysiologicalofunctionothatoisonotohomeostatic.
HomeostaticofunctionsoincludeoregulationobloodopH,obodyotemp,obloodoNa⁺,oK⁺ooroCa²⁺,ooxygenolevels,o
bloodopressure,oglucoseolevels,ohydration,obodyoweighto(mass)oinoanoadult;oI'mosureothereoareolotsomo
re.o Nonohomeostaticofunctionsoincludeopregnancyo&opuberty.
3. Whatoareotheocomponentsoofoendocrineosystems?
Input→o(Endocrineotissue)→oHormoneo→o(Target:[Receptoro→oSignal]→oResponse)→oFeedback
4. Defineohydrophobico&ohydrophilic.o Whichotypeoofohormoneoisohydrophobic?
Waterohatingo&owaterolovingo,oinsolubleoandosolubleoinoaqueousosolution,orespectively.o Steroidsoareohydro
phobico(ifoyouomissedothatoone,ostartooveroandoreviewotheolectureoagain).
5. Labeloeachoofotheofollowingostepsoinohormoneosynthesisoorocharacteristicoofohormonesoaso"Protein",o"Steroid",oor
o"Both"
a. Canobeosynthesizedoinomultipleotissueso-steroids
b. TravelofreelyoinoECFo-oproteins
c. Bindsotooaoreceptoro-oboth
d. Modificationobyo11-hydroxylaseo-osteroids
e. Madeofromoaminooacidso-oproteins
f. Releasedofromotheoendocrineotissueobyoexocytosiso-oproteins
g. Oneoprecursorocanogiveoriseotoodifferentohormoneso-obotho(thinkoofoPOMC;otrickoquestion)
h. Regulatedobyotranscriptiono-oboth
i. Aohalf-lifeo(t½)oofo4ominuteso-oproteins
j. Referenceorangeoofo0.05otoo0.25oμMo-osteroids
k. Increasedoreleaseoatonighto-oboth
6. Atotheobeginningoofotheosemesteroyouolearnedoaboutoneurobiologyoandotheonervousosystem.oIfoyouothinkoaboutoit,oi
nomanyowaysotheoendocrineosystemoandotheonervousosystemoareosimilaroinothatotheyoreleaseoaochemicalo(hormoneo
oroneurotransmitter)othatobindsoanoreceptoroandoelicitsoaoresponse,oandoareobothocriticalotoophysiologicalocommuni
cationoandohomeostasis.o Butohowoareotheyodifferento(thereoareomanyoways)?
Thatowasofun,owasn'toit?oThisoisowhatoIocameoupowith:oTheonervousosystemocanoonlyotargeto(mostly)oot
heronervesooromuscles.oTheoendocrineosystemocanotargetoanyotissue.oTheoendocrineosystemolacksosyna
psesoandoaosystemooforeuptakeolikeotheonervousosystemohas.o Ao50oμmosynapseowillocommunicateomuc
hofasterothanoaohormoneothatoneedsotootraveloseveralofeetothroughotheocirculationoinosomeocases.oReu
ptakeoofoneurotransmittersoatotheosynapseogivesotheonervousosystemomuchobetterocontrol,oandoaomor
eorapido"firingorate"othanoendocrineotissuesothatolooseoallotheohormonesowhenoreleased.
2
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PGY300oendocrineophysiologyostudyoguide;oSpringo2021
7. Whatoisotheocommonotermoforoaochemicaloreleasedofromospecificocells,owhichoafterotransportothroughotheobloo
dostreamooroextracellularofluid,oactivatesosignalingopathwaysoinotargetocellsowhoseoresponseoisotooinfluenceoho
meostasisoorodevelopment?
A. Hormone
B. Steroid
C. Gonadotropin
D. Adipokine
E. Receptor
TheoansweroisoA,oHormone.o98.5%oofotheoclassogotothisocorrect.oAofewostudentsowentoforoB;oSteroi
dofitowithinothisodefinition,obutoremember,oyouowantotooselectotheoBESToanswer.oThereoareoonlyoao
fewothingsotooaskofromothisotopic,oandomostoareonotoveryohard.oWhereotheoideasoinothisotopicowillo
generateoexamoquestionsoisowillocomeoafteroyouoknowospecificohormonesoandocanoapplyotheseopri
nciples.
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Answers to Topic 2 review questions
o o o o o
1. Whatomajoropropertyodistinguishesoproteinoandosteroidohormoneosignaling?
Steroidsoenterotheocells,obindotootranscriptionofactorsoandoregulateotranscription.oProteinsoalwayso
bindotoocellosurfaceoreceptorsoandoinitiateosignalotransductionocascadesothatoregulateoaovarietyoofo
cellularoresponses.
2. Whatopropertyoofoaotissue,ocell,ooroorganomakesoitoaotargetoforoaospecificoproteinohormone?oHowoisothisodifferentofor
osteroidohormones?
Theopresenceoofoaocellosurfaceoreceptor.o Steroidoreceptorsoareonotoonotheocellosurface,oandosteroidso
areosubjectotoochemicalomodificationoonceothey'veoenteredotheocell,owhichocanoalterotheiroreceptoro
bindingocharacteristics.
3. Labeloeachoofotheofollowingostepsoinohormoneosignalingoaso"Protein",o"Steroid",ooro"Both"
a. Bindsoexclusivelyotooaocellosurfaceoreceptoro-oprotein
b. Canoactivatesoororepressotranscriptiono-oboth
c. Passesothroughomembranesotoobindotooaoreceptoroinotheocytoplasmo-osteroid
d. Convertedotooaomatureohormoneobyoitsotargetotissueo-osteroid
e. Oftenoworksowithinosecondsooforeceptorobindingo-oprotein
f. ResultsoinoreleaseoofointracellularoCa²⁺ostoreso-oprotein
4. HowowouldoyouodescribeotheoroleoofocyclicoAMPo(cAMP)oandocalciumoinoanoendocrineoresponse?
Secondomessenger
5. Describeotheosequenceoofoeventsoafteroaohormoneobindsotooaotyrosineokinaseoreceptor.
Hormoneobindsotheoreceptoro→oreceptoroconformationalochangeoleadsotooactivationoofotheoreceptor'so
TKoactivityo→oTKophosphorylatesotyrosinesoonotargetoproteins,ochangingosomeopropertyoofothatoprotei
no→oresponse.
6. Bloodovesselsorespondotooepinephrine,obutodependingoonotheolocation,otheiroresponseocanobeoquiteodifferent.o Why?
Differentoreceptors
3
, lOMoARo o
4028242
cPSD| 1
PGY300oendocrineophysiologyostudyoguide;oSpringo2021
7. Whichoofotheofollowingoisoaopropertyoofocorticotropinoreleasingohormone,ofollicleostimulatingohormone,oandogrowth
ohormoneosignalingo(HINT:o Alloproteinohormones)?
A. Cellosurfaceoreceptorobinding
B. Diffusionointootheocellonucleus
C. Activationoofotranscription
D. Inhibitionoofoaotyrosineokinase
E. Conversionotooanoactiveoformoinotheotargetotissue
TheoansweroisoA.oTheooriginaloquestionodidonotoincludeotheohintothatoallotheseowereoproteinohormo
nes,obutoI'lloshowoyouohowotoohandleothatoinotheonextosection.o Withothatohint,oyouoshouldorecallosli
deo2-
12othatosaido"Proteinohormones:oCellosurfaceoreceptorso→oALWAYS,"owhichoIoconsiderotoobeoaover
yoimportantopoint.o72%oansweredothisocorrectly,o90%oofotheoupperoparto(alwayso27%,oI'monotosure
owhy)oandoonlyo51%oofotheolowero27%;otheoupperoandolowerogroupsorepresentoaoB+oandoaboveoan
doaoC-oandobelow.
Ifoyou'reonotosure,oitoisoimportantotooeliminateotheootherochoices.oTheosecondomostopopularoanswe
rowasoCo(19%),owhichoisn'tocorrectoofoallothreeohormones,obutoyouowouldonotohaveoknownothat.oHo
wever,osinceonotoalloproteinohormonesoregulateotranscription,oAoisoclearlyotheobestoanswer.o Bo&oEo
areopropertiesoofosteroids.o Doisosomeonon-senseoIojustomadeoup.
Iodon'toaskomanyodirectoquestionsoonothisotopic.o I'momuchomoreolikelyotoodoosomethingolikeoIodidohe
re,ogiveoyouoexamplesoandoforceoyouotoofitotheospecificohormoneointootheogeneraloexample,owhicho
isomuchomoreointerestingothanosomeopointoofostraightomemorization.
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Answers to Topic 3 review questions
o o o o o
1. Describeohowonegativeofeedbackoregulatesohomeostasis.
Negativeofeedbackoservesotooreduceoanoexcessiveoresponseoandotookeepoaohormoneo(oroothero
variable,olikeobodyotemperature)owithinotheonormaloorocorrectorange.
2. Whatodistinguishesocomplexofromosimpleoinputs?o Whichoisomoreolikelyotoobeoregulatedobyonegativeofeedback?
Simpleoinputsoareosensedobyotheosameotissueothatoresponds,omakingotheoinputoandoresponseotheosameo
parameter.oComplexoinputsoareogenerallyointegratedoinotheohypothalamus,oalthoughotheyodon'tohaveo
toobeobyodefinitiono(Iocan'tothinkoofoanoexceptionooffohand).oNoteothatothereoareosimpleoinputsointootheo
CNS.
3. Whatoareotheoinputsointegratedobyotheohypothalamus?
Iodon'tocareoifoyouodidn'togetoalloofothese,obutotheoareoautonomicosignals,obiologicalorhythms,oallotypeso
ofostress,oosmoticostateo(water),otemperatureo(internaloandoexternal),osensoryostimuli,otheostatusoofoe
nergyostoresoinoadiposeotissue,otheoamountoofofoodoyou'veoconsumed,oandotheocaloriesoexpended.
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