Contrastive analysis and learner language: A
p p p p p p
corpus-based approach
p
Stig Johansson
p
University of Oslo
p p
2008
, Contrastivepanalysispandplearnerplanguage
Preface
Theppresentptextphaspgrownpoutpofpseveralpyears’pworkponpthepEnglish-
NorwegianpParallelpCorpusp(ENPC),pasppresentedpinpmyprecentpmonographpSeeingpthroughpMul
tilingualpCorpora:pOnpthepusepofpcorporapinpcontrastivepstudiesp(Benjaminsp2007).pItpdifferspfro
mptheppreviouspbookpinphavingpbeenppreparedpaspaptextbookpforpanpundergraduatepcourseponp‘Co
ntrastivepanalysispandplearnerplanguage’.pThoughptherepispsomepoverlappbetweenptheptwoptexts,pt
hepcoveragepinptheptextbookpispwider.pThepmainpdifferencepispthatpthepemphasispispbothponpcontra
stivepanalysispandponpthepstudypofplearnerplanguage,pwithpthepaimpofpshowingphowpthesepfieldspar
epconnected.pTheptextbookpispintendedptopbepusedpinpcombinationpwithpapselectionpofppapersponpi
ndividualptopics,psomepofpwhichpgopbeyondpcorpuspanalysis.
Ipampgratefulptopmypco-
workerspinpthepprojectpleadingptopthepENPC,pinpparticular:pKnutpHofland,pUniversitypofpBergen,p
andpJarlepEbelingpandpSignepOksefjellpEbeling,pUniversitypofpOslo.pSignepOksefjellpEbelingphas
pdesignedpapnet-
basedpcourseptopgopwithptheptext.pForpcommentsponptheptext,pIpampgratefulptopmypcolleaguespKris
tinpBechpandpHildepHasselgård,pUniversitypofpOslo.pIpampalsopgratefulptopthepstudentspwhophavep
attendedpmypcoursespandpwhosepworkpIphavepdrawnponpinppreparingpthispbook.
Oslo,pMarchp2008pSti
gpJohansson
2
,StigpJohansson
Contents
1. Introduction 9
1.1 Whatpispcontrastivepanalysis?
1.2 Contrastivepanalysispandplanguagepteaching
1.3 Developments
1.4 TheoreticalpandpappliedpCA
1.5 Thepproblempofpequivalence
1.6 Translationpstudies
1.7 Apcorpus-basedpapproach
1.8 Typespofpcorpora
1.9 Correspondencepvs.pequivalence
1.10 Structurepvs.puse
1.11 Usespofpmultilingualpcorpora
1.12 Apnoteponpexamplespandpreferences
1.13 Exercise
2. Usingpmultilingualpcorpora 17
2.1 Corpuspmodels
2.1.1 Translationpcorpora
2.1.2 Comparablepcorpora
2.2 BuildingpthepEnglish-NorwegianpParallelpCorpus
2.2.1 ThepENPCpmodel
2.2.2 Textpselection
2.2.3 Textpencoding
2.2.4 Alignment
2.2.5 Tagging
2.2.6 Searchptools
2.3 ThepOslopMultilingualpCorpus
2.4 Otherpmultilingualpcorpora
2.5 Translationpparadigms
2.6 Correspondenceptypes
2.7 Semanticpreflections
2.8 Translationpeffects
2.9 Researchpquestions
2.10 Linguisticpinterpretation
3. Comparingplexis 33
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Timespofpthepday
3.3 MindpandpitspcorrespondencespinpNorwegian
3.4 EnglishpthingpandpitspNorwegianpcorrespondences
3.4.1 Congruentpcorrespondences
3.4.2 Divergentpcorrespondences
3.5 Spendingptime
3.5.1 Congruentpcorrespondences
3.5.2 Divergentpcorrespondences
3.5.3 Translationpeffects
3.5.4 Summingpup
©pStigpJohanssonp2008 3
, Contrastivepanalysispandplearnerplanguage
3.6 Posturepverbs
3.6.1 Overallpdistributionpofpståpvs.pstand
3.6.2 Twopgrammaticalppatterns
3.6.3 Otherpcorrespondencespwithpbe
3.6.4 Otherpverbspofpposture
3.6.5 Semanticallypricherpverbs
3.6.6 Zeropcorrespondence
3.6.7 Otherpcorrespondences
3.6.8 Translationpeffects
3.7 Falsepfriends
3.8 Summingpup
4. Comparingpsyntaxpandpdiscourse:pTense,paspectpandpmodality 58
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tensepandpaspect
4.2.1 Theppastptensepvs.ptheppresentpperfect
4.2.2 Thepprogressivepaspect
4.2.3 Norwegianppseudo-coordination
4.2.4 Holdeppåpå
4.2.5 KeeppV-ingpandpitspcorrespondencespinpNorwegian
4.2.6 Pleiepandpusedpto
4.3 Modality
4.3.1 Syntacticpdifferences
4.3.1.1 Non-finitepforms
4.3.1.2 Modalpcombinations
4.3.1.3 Past-tensepforms
4.3.1.4 Mainpverbs
4.3.2 SkalpandpitspEnglishpcorrespondences
4.3.3 Bepsaidptopandpbepsupposedpto
4.3.4 Epistemicpmodality
5. Comparingpsyntaxpandpdiscourse:pWordporderpandprelatedpmatters 78
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Thematicpchoice
5.3 Spatialplinking
5.4 Initialpnon-subjectpdet
5.4.1 Reordering
5.4.2 Ellipsis
5.4.3 Nopchangepofpinitialpelement
5.4.4 That’spwhatpconstructions
5.4.5 Otherptypespofprestructuring
5.5 Presentativepconstructions
5.6 Clefting
5.6.1 CleftingpinpEnglishpandpNorwegian
5.6.2 CleftingpinpEnglishpandpSwedish
5.6.3 Thepthat’spwhatpconstruction
5.6.3.1 Congruentpcorrespondences
5.6.3.2 Ordinarypclefts
5.6.3.3 Initialpnon-subjectppronoun
5.7 Otherpdet-constructions
4
p p p p p p
corpus-based approach
p
Stig Johansson
p
University of Oslo
p p
2008
, Contrastivepanalysispandplearnerplanguage
Preface
Theppresentptextphaspgrownpoutpofpseveralpyears’pworkponpthepEnglish-
NorwegianpParallelpCorpusp(ENPC),pasppresentedpinpmyprecentpmonographpSeeingpthroughpMul
tilingualpCorpora:pOnpthepusepofpcorporapinpcontrastivepstudiesp(Benjaminsp2007).pItpdifferspfro
mptheppreviouspbookpinphavingpbeenppreparedpaspaptextbookpforpanpundergraduatepcourseponp‘Co
ntrastivepanalysispandplearnerplanguage’.pThoughptherepispsomepoverlappbetweenptheptwoptexts,pt
hepcoveragepinptheptextbookpispwider.pThepmainpdifferencepispthatpthepemphasispispbothponpcontra
stivepanalysispandponpthepstudypofplearnerplanguage,pwithpthepaimpofpshowingphowpthesepfieldspar
epconnected.pTheptextbookpispintendedptopbepusedpinpcombinationpwithpapselectionpofppapersponpi
ndividualptopics,psomepofpwhichpgopbeyondpcorpuspanalysis.
Ipampgratefulptopmypco-
workerspinpthepprojectpleadingptopthepENPC,pinpparticular:pKnutpHofland,pUniversitypofpBergen,p
andpJarlepEbelingpandpSignepOksefjellpEbeling,pUniversitypofpOslo.pSignepOksefjellpEbelingphas
pdesignedpapnet-
basedpcourseptopgopwithptheptext.pForpcommentsponptheptext,pIpampgratefulptopmypcolleaguespKris
tinpBechpandpHildepHasselgård,pUniversitypofpOslo.pIpampalsopgratefulptopthepstudentspwhophavep
attendedpmypcoursespandpwhosepworkpIphavepdrawnponpinppreparingpthispbook.
Oslo,pMarchp2008pSti
gpJohansson
2
,StigpJohansson
Contents
1. Introduction 9
1.1 Whatpispcontrastivepanalysis?
1.2 Contrastivepanalysispandplanguagepteaching
1.3 Developments
1.4 TheoreticalpandpappliedpCA
1.5 Thepproblempofpequivalence
1.6 Translationpstudies
1.7 Apcorpus-basedpapproach
1.8 Typespofpcorpora
1.9 Correspondencepvs.pequivalence
1.10 Structurepvs.puse
1.11 Usespofpmultilingualpcorpora
1.12 Apnoteponpexamplespandpreferences
1.13 Exercise
2. Usingpmultilingualpcorpora 17
2.1 Corpuspmodels
2.1.1 Translationpcorpora
2.1.2 Comparablepcorpora
2.2 BuildingpthepEnglish-NorwegianpParallelpCorpus
2.2.1 ThepENPCpmodel
2.2.2 Textpselection
2.2.3 Textpencoding
2.2.4 Alignment
2.2.5 Tagging
2.2.6 Searchptools
2.3 ThepOslopMultilingualpCorpus
2.4 Otherpmultilingualpcorpora
2.5 Translationpparadigms
2.6 Correspondenceptypes
2.7 Semanticpreflections
2.8 Translationpeffects
2.9 Researchpquestions
2.10 Linguisticpinterpretation
3. Comparingplexis 33
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Timespofpthepday
3.3 MindpandpitspcorrespondencespinpNorwegian
3.4 EnglishpthingpandpitspNorwegianpcorrespondences
3.4.1 Congruentpcorrespondences
3.4.2 Divergentpcorrespondences
3.5 Spendingptime
3.5.1 Congruentpcorrespondences
3.5.2 Divergentpcorrespondences
3.5.3 Translationpeffects
3.5.4 Summingpup
©pStigpJohanssonp2008 3
, Contrastivepanalysispandplearnerplanguage
3.6 Posturepverbs
3.6.1 Overallpdistributionpofpståpvs.pstand
3.6.2 Twopgrammaticalppatterns
3.6.3 Otherpcorrespondencespwithpbe
3.6.4 Otherpverbspofpposture
3.6.5 Semanticallypricherpverbs
3.6.6 Zeropcorrespondence
3.6.7 Otherpcorrespondences
3.6.8 Translationpeffects
3.7 Falsepfriends
3.8 Summingpup
4. Comparingpsyntaxpandpdiscourse:pTense,paspectpandpmodality 58
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tensepandpaspect
4.2.1 Theppastptensepvs.ptheppresentpperfect
4.2.2 Thepprogressivepaspect
4.2.3 Norwegianppseudo-coordination
4.2.4 Holdeppåpå
4.2.5 KeeppV-ingpandpitspcorrespondencespinpNorwegian
4.2.6 Pleiepandpusedpto
4.3 Modality
4.3.1 Syntacticpdifferences
4.3.1.1 Non-finitepforms
4.3.1.2 Modalpcombinations
4.3.1.3 Past-tensepforms
4.3.1.4 Mainpverbs
4.3.2 SkalpandpitspEnglishpcorrespondences
4.3.3 Bepsaidptopandpbepsupposedpto
4.3.4 Epistemicpmodality
5. Comparingpsyntaxpandpdiscourse:pWordporderpandprelatedpmatters 78
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Thematicpchoice
5.3 Spatialplinking
5.4 Initialpnon-subjectpdet
5.4.1 Reordering
5.4.2 Ellipsis
5.4.3 Nopchangepofpinitialpelement
5.4.4 That’spwhatpconstructions
5.4.5 Otherptypespofprestructuring
5.5 Presentativepconstructions
5.6 Clefting
5.6.1 CleftingpinpEnglishpandpNorwegian
5.6.2 CleftingpinpEnglishpandpSwedish
5.6.3 Thepthat’spwhatpconstruction
5.6.3.1 Congruentpcorrespondences
5.6.3.2 Ordinarypclefts
5.6.3.3 Initialpnon-subjectppronoun
5.7 Otherpdet-constructions
4
