NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
FinaluExamuConceptuGuide
Knowu theu Etiology,u Signs/Symptoms,u Diagnosis/Diagnostics,u Clinicalu Manifestati
on,uRisks,uTreatmentuanduComplicationsuforutheufollowing:
▪ Gastritis
Gastritisu–uinflammationu ofutheustomachulining
Acuteu Gastritisu –
u (justu acquired)u ingestionu ofu toxins,u alcohol,u aspirinu oru otheru irritatingusubstances
Chronic-u2umonthsutoubecomeuchronic
TriggersuofuGastritis:uAlcohol,ucaffeine,uautoimmuneudisease,uviraluorubacteriau
ChronicuGastritis:uHu Pyloriuisualwaysuaufactor
Hu Pyloriu goesu veryu deepu inu theu liningu ofu theu stomachu andu Itu causesu persistentu inflammation
S/S:u N/Vu–u Anorexia-u postcranialu discomfort
Postu Cranialu Discomfort-uafterueating-ugoesuawayuanducomeubacku1-
2uhrsuGastritis-uhematemesis-ublooduinutheuvomit-ucoffeeubrownucolor
Treatment:uTreatuHupyloriutreatuGERD,uchangeulifestyle,uPPI
▪ Whatupercentageu ofutheupancreasuisudedicatedutouendocrineufunctions?
Onlyu5%
▪ PancreaticuCancer
PancreaticuCanceru–u2%uofuallucancers
Rankedu 4thu amongu deathu inu allu malignanciesu
RiskuFactors;ucigaretteusmoking,uobesity
S/S;uhead:u Jaundice,umalabsorption,uweightuloss tail:uAbdupain,unausea’
▪ Pepticu UlceruDisease
Inflammationuandu ulcerationu inu theustomachu (acidu andu pepsin)u
Gastric:ustomachulocation
Duodenal:uuduodenaluulocationu
PUDuisuaucomplicationuofuGastri
NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
,NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
tis
PUDuisucausedubyuaspirin,uHupylori,uuNsaids,uuStress,uuSmoki
nguS/Su Gastricu N/Vu Anorexiau Chestu discomfort,u asymptotic,u Dy
spepsia
Duodenalu–unormaluweight
BiggestucomplicationuofuPUD-uGIubleedingudueutouUlceruperforation-
holeuinutheulininguandubleed
u
Ituisulife-
threateninguifuitukeepubleedingu(Anemic,uelectrolytesuimbalanceu(losinguvolume)uDu
odenalu–uBlooduinutheustoolu–ublackuandutarry
Bleedinguprofusely-
frankuwithuclothuHematemesis-
u Bleedingu inu vomiting
Treatment:u Corteryu ofu perforation,u treatmentu ofu H.u pylori,u PPI,u Cessationu ofu smoking
▪ Ulcerativeu Colitisu andu Crohn’su theu differenceu inu theu complicationsuCo
mplicationuinuUCuMalnutritionu–
u dehydration,uincreaseduriskufactoruofucolonucanceru7-
10uyrs,urarelyuinumegacolon
ComplicationuofuChron-uFistulas,uperianalufissures,uabscesses.uTheuriskuofucolorectalucancer
▪ Bowelu Obstructionu Manifestations
Obstructionsuinutheujejunaluarea:uVomiting,udehydration,uelectrolyteudepletionuObstr
uctionsuofutheudistaluportionuofutheusmallubowluoruileum,udehydrationutouhypovolemicus
chock
Obstructionsu ofu theu colon:u Massiveu gasu distention
Blockageu ofu theu colonu byu au tumoru isu theu mostu commonu causeu ofu colonicu obstructionu andu
perforationuofutheuboweluwalluadjacentutoutheutumor.
▪ HepaticuEncephalopathyu isu dueu to?
Hepaticuencephalopathyuisuaudeclineu inu brainu functionu dueutou severeu liveru disease
NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
,NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
Hepaticuencephalopathyuisuusuallyuprecipitatedubyucertainuwell-
defineduclinicaludevelopments,uincludinguhypokalemia,uhyponatremia,ualkalosis,uhypoxia,uhy
percarbia,uinfection,uuseuofusedatives,uGIuhemorrhage,uproteinumealugorging,urenalufailure,ua
nduconstipation.uInusomeuupatients,uprogressiveuliverufailureuleadsutouchronicu encephalopathyu
withoutuotheruexacerbatingufactors.
Hepaticu encephalopathyu isu gradedu 1u tou 4:
• Gradeu 1:u Confusion,u subtleu behavioralu changes,u nou flap
• Gradeu 2:u Drowsy,u clearu behavioralu changes,u flapu present
• Gradeu3:uStuporousubutucanufollowucommands,umarkeduconfusion,uslurreduspeech,
u flapupresent
• Gradeu4:uComa,u nouflap
▪ GastroesophagealuVaricesuManagement
-
- Initialutreatment:uFluiduresuscitationutoustopubleedingu
- Largeuboreuintravenousulinesuareuplaced
AdminuofuparenteraluvitaminuKuanduplasma,uplateletuinfusionuifuthrombocytope
niauisupresent
- Octreotideu acetateu (syntheticu analog)u nou moreu vasopressinu 3-
-
- 5u daysuMetoclopramideuanduBublockers
EsophagogastroduodenoscopyuEGDutoudetermineusiteuofubleeding
▪ DifferenceubetweenuDiverticulosisuanduDiverticulitis
Diverticulosisu(diverticularudisease)upresenceuofudiverticulauinutheucolon.
Diverticulau areu acquiredu herniationsu ofu theu mucosau andu submucosau throughu theu muscular
u coatuofutheucolon
DiverticulosisuTheupresenceuofuoneuorumoreudiverticulauvsudiverticulitisuinflammationuofu
oneuorumoreudiverticula
▪ KidneyuDisease-uAssessment-CVA
Painu associatedu withu intrarenalu disordersu areu assessedu byu palpatingu oru lightu percussionu
overutheucostovertebraluangleu(CVA)uposteriorlyuanduisurecordeduasuCVAutenderness.uPainu
NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
, NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
isutransmittedutoutheuspinalucordubetweenuT10uanduL1
▪ AcuteuKidneyuInjury-uThreeuphases-uProdromal-uOliguric-uPostoliguric
ProdomaluPhase
- Normaluorudeclininguurineuoutput
- Serumu bloodu ureau nitrogenu (BUN)u andu creatineu levelsu
riseuOliguricuphaseu(10-14udays)urangeufromu1udayutou8uweeks
- Oliguriau –u Smallu abnormalu amountu ofu urine
- Edema,u Hypertension,u Hypervolemia
- Distendedu necku veins,u weightu gain
- Crackles,upossiblyuheartufaily
- WBCuanduRBCuinuurine
- Proteinuinuurine
- Hyperkalemka
- Volumeu overload
- Azotemiau andu uremia
- Metabolicuacidosisu
Postoliguricuphaseu(5%urecov
er)
- Fluidu volumeu deficit
- Labsu beginu tou normalize
- Polyuriau–usodiumuwaste
▪ KidneyuCancerusignsuandusymptoms
Benignu renalu neoplasm:u S/Su Hematuriau andu flanku painuS
omeumayubeuasymptomaticuuntilularge
Renalu cellu carcinoma:u Metastaticudisease
Riskufactors:usmoking,uobesityuanduhypertens
ionuS/Su CVAu tenderness,u hematuria,u palpableu
NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
FinaluExamuConceptuGuide
Knowu theu Etiology,u Signs/Symptoms,u Diagnosis/Diagnostics,u Clinicalu Manifestati
on,uRisks,uTreatmentuanduComplicationsuforutheufollowing:
▪ Gastritis
Gastritisu–uinflammationu ofutheustomachulining
Acuteu Gastritisu –
u (justu acquired)u ingestionu ofu toxins,u alcohol,u aspirinu oru otheru irritatingusubstances
Chronic-u2umonthsutoubecomeuchronic
TriggersuofuGastritis:uAlcohol,ucaffeine,uautoimmuneudisease,uviraluorubacteriau
ChronicuGastritis:uHu Pyloriuisualwaysuaufactor
Hu Pyloriu goesu veryu deepu inu theu liningu ofu theu stomachu andu Itu causesu persistentu inflammation
S/S:u N/Vu–u Anorexia-u postcranialu discomfort
Postu Cranialu Discomfort-uafterueating-ugoesuawayuanducomeubacku1-
2uhrsuGastritis-uhematemesis-ublooduinutheuvomit-ucoffeeubrownucolor
Treatment:uTreatuHupyloriutreatuGERD,uchangeulifestyle,uPPI
▪ Whatupercentageu ofutheupancreasuisudedicatedutouendocrineufunctions?
Onlyu5%
▪ PancreaticuCancer
PancreaticuCanceru–u2%uofuallucancers
Rankedu 4thu amongu deathu inu allu malignanciesu
RiskuFactors;ucigaretteusmoking,uobesity
S/S;uhead:u Jaundice,umalabsorption,uweightuloss tail:uAbdupain,unausea’
▪ Pepticu UlceruDisease
Inflammationuandu ulcerationu inu theustomachu (acidu andu pepsin)u
Gastric:ustomachulocation
Duodenal:uuduodenaluulocationu
PUDuisuaucomplicationuofuGastri
NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
,NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
tis
PUDuisucausedubyuaspirin,uHupylori,uuNsaids,uuStress,uuSmoki
nguS/Su Gastricu N/Vu Anorexiau Chestu discomfort,u asymptotic,u Dy
spepsia
Duodenalu–unormaluweight
BiggestucomplicationuofuPUD-uGIubleedingudueutouUlceruperforation-
holeuinutheulininguandubleed
u
Ituisulife-
threateninguifuitukeepubleedingu(Anemic,uelectrolytesuimbalanceu(losinguvolume)uDu
odenalu–uBlooduinutheustoolu–ublackuandutarry
Bleedinguprofusely-
frankuwithuclothuHematemesis-
u Bleedingu inu vomiting
Treatment:u Corteryu ofu perforation,u treatmentu ofu H.u pylori,u PPI,u Cessationu ofu smoking
▪ Ulcerativeu Colitisu andu Crohn’su theu differenceu inu theu complicationsuCo
mplicationuinuUCuMalnutritionu–
u dehydration,uincreaseduriskufactoruofucolonucanceru7-
10uyrs,urarelyuinumegacolon
ComplicationuofuChron-uFistulas,uperianalufissures,uabscesses.uTheuriskuofucolorectalucancer
▪ Bowelu Obstructionu Manifestations
Obstructionsuinutheujejunaluarea:uVomiting,udehydration,uelectrolyteudepletionuObstr
uctionsuofutheudistaluportionuofutheusmallubowluoruileum,udehydrationutouhypovolemicus
chock
Obstructionsu ofu theu colon:u Massiveu gasu distention
Blockageu ofu theu colonu byu au tumoru isu theu mostu commonu causeu ofu colonicu obstructionu andu
perforationuofutheuboweluwalluadjacentutoutheutumor.
▪ HepaticuEncephalopathyu isu dueu to?
Hepaticuencephalopathyuisuaudeclineu inu brainu functionu dueutou severeu liveru disease
NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
,NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
Hepaticuencephalopathyuisuusuallyuprecipitatedubyucertainuwell-
defineduclinicaludevelopments,uincludinguhypokalemia,uhyponatremia,ualkalosis,uhypoxia,uhy
percarbia,uinfection,uuseuofusedatives,uGIuhemorrhage,uproteinumealugorging,urenalufailure,ua
nduconstipation.uInusomeuupatients,uprogressiveuliverufailureuleadsutouchronicu encephalopathyu
withoutuotheruexacerbatingufactors.
Hepaticu encephalopathyu isu gradedu 1u tou 4:
• Gradeu 1:u Confusion,u subtleu behavioralu changes,u nou flap
• Gradeu 2:u Drowsy,u clearu behavioralu changes,u flapu present
• Gradeu3:uStuporousubutucanufollowucommands,umarkeduconfusion,uslurreduspeech,
u flapupresent
• Gradeu4:uComa,u nouflap
▪ GastroesophagealuVaricesuManagement
-
- Initialutreatment:uFluiduresuscitationutoustopubleedingu
- Largeuboreuintravenousulinesuareuplaced
AdminuofuparenteraluvitaminuKuanduplasma,uplateletuinfusionuifuthrombocytope
niauisupresent
- Octreotideu acetateu (syntheticu analog)u nou moreu vasopressinu 3-
-
- 5u daysuMetoclopramideuanduBublockers
EsophagogastroduodenoscopyuEGDutoudetermineusiteuofubleeding
▪ DifferenceubetweenuDiverticulosisuanduDiverticulitis
Diverticulosisu(diverticularudisease)upresenceuofudiverticulauinutheucolon.
Diverticulau areu acquiredu herniationsu ofu theu mucosau andu submucosau throughu theu muscular
u coatuofutheucolon
DiverticulosisuTheupresenceuofuoneuorumoreudiverticulauvsudiverticulitisuinflammationuofu
oneuorumoreudiverticula
▪ KidneyuDisease-uAssessment-CVA
Painu associatedu withu intrarenalu disordersu areu assessedu byu palpatingu oru lightu percussionu
overutheucostovertebraluangleu(CVA)uposteriorlyuanduisurecordeduasuCVAutenderness.uPainu
NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
, NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
isutransmittedutoutheuspinalucordubetweenuT10uanduL1
▪ AcuteuKidneyuInjury-uThreeuphases-uProdromal-uOliguric-uPostoliguric
ProdomaluPhase
- Normaluorudeclininguurineuoutput
- Serumu bloodu ureau nitrogenu (BUN)u andu creatineu levelsu
riseuOliguricuphaseu(10-14udays)urangeufromu1udayutou8uweeks
- Oliguriau –u Smallu abnormalu amountu ofu urine
- Edema,u Hypertension,u Hypervolemia
- Distendedu necku veins,u weightu gain
- Crackles,upossiblyuheartufaily
- WBCuanduRBCuinuurine
- Proteinuinuurine
- Hyperkalemka
- Volumeu overload
- Azotemiau andu uremia
- Metabolicuacidosisu
Postoliguricuphaseu(5%urecov
er)
- Fluidu volumeu deficit
- Labsu beginu tou normalize
- Polyuriau–usodiumuwaste
▪ KidneyuCancerusignsuandusymptoms
Benignu renalu neoplasm:u S/Su Hematuriau andu flanku painuS
omeumayubeuasymptomaticuuntilularge
Renalu cellu carcinoma:u Metastaticudisease
Riskufactors:usmoking,uobesityuanduhypertens
ionuS/Su CVAu tenderness,u hematuria,u palpableu
NUR 2063Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring latest upda
u u u u u u u u uu u
2021/2022 final exam concept guide RATED A+Rasmussen College
u u u u u u u u
