WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective Ass
c c c c
essment Questions and Verified Answers | L
c c c c c c
atest 2023/2024 GRADEDA+
c c c
WhatciscStarling'scLawcofcCapillarycforces?
Howcdoescthiscexplaincwhycacnutritionallycdeficientcchildcwouldchavecedema?
-
☑️☑️Starling'scLawcdescribeschowcfluidscmovecacrossctheccapillarycmembrane.cTherecarectwocmajorcoppos
c
ingcforcescthatcactctocbalanceceachcother,chydrostaticcpressurec(pushingcwatercoutcofctheccapillaries)cand
osmoticcpressurec(includingconconticcpressure,cwhichcpushescfluidcintoctheccapillaries).
c
Bothcelectrolytescandcproteinsc(onconticcpressure)cincthecbloodcaffectcosmoticcpressure,chighc
electrolytecandcproteincconcentrationscincthecbloodcwouldccausecwaterctocleavectheccellscandci
nterstitialcspacecandcentercthecbloodcstreamctocdilutecthechighcconcentrations.
On,cthecotherchand,clowcelectrolytecandcproteincconcentrationsc(ascseencincacnutritionallycdeficientcchild
)cwouldccausecwaterctocleavectheccapillariescandcenterctheccellscandcinterstitialcfluidcwhichccancleadctoced
ema.
HowcdoescthecRAASc(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronecSystem)cresultcincincreasedcbloodcvolumecandcincreasedcbloodcpressure?
,WGUcD236cpathophysiologycOAcExamcStudycGuidec2023cQuestionscandcAnswers
-
☑️☑️Acdropcincbloodcpressureciscsensedcbyctheckidneyscbyclowcperfusion,cwhichcincturncbeginsctocsecre
c
tecrenin.
Renincthenctriggerscthecliverctocproducecangiotensinogen,cwhichciscconvertedctocAngiotensincIcinctheclung
scandcthencangiotensincIIcbycthecenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingcenzymec(ACE).cAngiotensincIIcstimulatescperipheralcarterialcvasoconstrictioncwhichcraisescBP.
AngiotensincIIciscalsocstimulatingcthecadrenalcglandctocreleasecaldosterone,cwhichcactsctocincreasecsodiu
mcandcwatercreabsorptioncincreasingcbloodcvolume,cwhilecalsocincreasedcpotassiumcsecretioncincurine.
Howccanchyperkalemiacleadctoccardiaccarrest?
-
☑️☑️Normalclevelscofcpotassiumcarecbetweenc3.5candc5.2cmEq/dL.cHyperkalemiacrefersctocpotassiumclev
c
elschighercthatc5.2cmEq/dL.
Acmajorcfunctioncofcpotassiumcisctocconductcnervecimpulsescincmuscles.cTooclowcandcmusclecweaknesscoccur
scandctoocmuchccanccausecmusclecspasms.
,WGUcD236cpathophysiologycOAcExamcStudycGuidec2023cQuestionscandcAnswers
Thisciscespeciallycdangerouscincthecheartcmusclecandcancirregularcheartbeatccanccausecacheartcattack
ThecbodycusescthecProteincBufferingcSystem,cPhosphatecBufferingcSystem,candcCarboniccAcid-
c BicarbonatecSystemctocregulatecandcmaintainchomeostaticcpH,cwhatciscthecconsequencecofcacpHcimbalan
ce
- ☑️☑️ProteinsccontaincmanycacidiccandcbasiccgroupcthatccancbecaffectedcbycpHcchanges.cAnycincreasecorcd
ecreasecincbloodcpHccancaltercthecstructurecofcthecproteinc(denature),ctherebycaffectingcitscfunctioncascw
ell
Describectheclaboratorycfindingscassociatedcwithcmetaboliccacidosis,cmetaboliccalkalosis,crespiratorycaci
dosiscandcrespiratorycalkalosis.c(iecrelativecpHcandcCO2clevels).
- ☑️☑️NormalcABGsc(ArterialcBloodcGases)cBloodcpH:c7.35-7.45cPCO2:c35-45cmmcHgcPO2:c90-
100cmmcHgcHCO3-:c22-26cmEq/LcSaO2:c95-100%
RespiratorycacidosiscandcalkalosiscarecmarkedcbycchangescincPCO2.cHigherc=cacidosiscandclowerc=calkalosi
s
MetaboliccacidosiscandcalkalosiscareccausedcbycsomethingcothercthancabnormalcCO2clevels.cThisccouldcinclud
ectoxicity,cdiabetes,crenalcfailurecorcexcessivecGIclosses.
, WGUcD236cpathophysiologycOAcExamcStudycGuidec2023cQuestionscandcAnswers
Herecarecthecrulesctocfollowctocdeterminecifciscrespiratorycorcmetaboliccincnature.c-
IfcpHcandcPCO2carecmovingcincoppositecdirections,cthencitciscthecpCO2clevelscthatcareccausingcthecimbalan
cecandcitciscrespiratorycincnature.
-
IfcPCO2ciscnormalcorciscmovingcincthecsamecdirectioncascthecpH,cthencthecimbalanceciscmetaboliccincnature
.
Thecanioncgapciscthecdifferencecbetweencmeasuredccationsc(Na+candcK+)candcmeasuredcanionsc(Cl-
andcHCO3-),cthisccalculationccancbecusefulcincdeterminingctheccausecofcmetaboliccacidosis.
c
Whycwouldcancincreasedcanioncgapcbecobservedcincdiabeticcketoacidosiscorclacticcacidosis?
- ☑️☑️Thecanioncgapcisctheccalculationcofcunmeasuredcanionscincthecblood.
Lacticcacidcandcketonescbothcleadctocthecproductioncofcunmeasuredcanions,cwhichcremovecHCO3-
(acmeasuredcanion)cduectocbufferingcofcthecexcesscH+candcthereforecleadsctocancincreasecincthecAG.
c
Whyciscitcimportantctocmaintaincachomeostaticcbalancecofcglucosecincthecbloodc(iecdescribecthecpathogen
esiscofcdiabetes)?
- ☑️☑️Insulinciscthechormonecresponsiblecforcinitiatingcthecuptakecofcglucosecbyctheccells.cCellscusecgluc
osectocproducecenergyc(ATP).
c c c c
essment Questions and Verified Answers | L
c c c c c c
atest 2023/2024 GRADEDA+
c c c
WhatciscStarling'scLawcofcCapillarycforces?
Howcdoescthiscexplaincwhycacnutritionallycdeficientcchildcwouldchavecedema?
-
☑️☑️Starling'scLawcdescribeschowcfluidscmovecacrossctheccapillarycmembrane.cTherecarectwocmajorcoppos
c
ingcforcescthatcactctocbalanceceachcother,chydrostaticcpressurec(pushingcwatercoutcofctheccapillaries)cand
osmoticcpressurec(includingconconticcpressure,cwhichcpushescfluidcintoctheccapillaries).
c
Bothcelectrolytescandcproteinsc(onconticcpressure)cincthecbloodcaffectcosmoticcpressure,chighc
electrolytecandcproteincconcentrationscincthecbloodcwouldccausecwaterctocleavectheccellscandci
nterstitialcspacecandcentercthecbloodcstreamctocdilutecthechighcconcentrations.
On,cthecotherchand,clowcelectrolytecandcproteincconcentrationsc(ascseencincacnutritionallycdeficientcchild
)cwouldccausecwaterctocleavectheccapillariescandcenterctheccellscandcinterstitialcfluidcwhichccancleadctoced
ema.
HowcdoescthecRAASc(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronecSystem)cresultcincincreasedcbloodcvolumecandcincreasedcbloodcpressure?
,WGUcD236cpathophysiologycOAcExamcStudycGuidec2023cQuestionscandcAnswers
-
☑️☑️Acdropcincbloodcpressureciscsensedcbyctheckidneyscbyclowcperfusion,cwhichcincturncbeginsctocsecre
c
tecrenin.
Renincthenctriggerscthecliverctocproducecangiotensinogen,cwhichciscconvertedctocAngiotensincIcinctheclung
scandcthencangiotensincIIcbycthecenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingcenzymec(ACE).cAngiotensincIIcstimulatescperipheralcarterialcvasoconstrictioncwhichcraisescBP.
AngiotensincIIciscalsocstimulatingcthecadrenalcglandctocreleasecaldosterone,cwhichcactsctocincreasecsodiu
mcandcwatercreabsorptioncincreasingcbloodcvolume,cwhilecalsocincreasedcpotassiumcsecretioncincurine.
Howccanchyperkalemiacleadctoccardiaccarrest?
-
☑️☑️Normalclevelscofcpotassiumcarecbetweenc3.5candc5.2cmEq/dL.cHyperkalemiacrefersctocpotassiumclev
c
elschighercthatc5.2cmEq/dL.
Acmajorcfunctioncofcpotassiumcisctocconductcnervecimpulsescincmuscles.cTooclowcandcmusclecweaknesscoccur
scandctoocmuchccanccausecmusclecspasms.
,WGUcD236cpathophysiologycOAcExamcStudycGuidec2023cQuestionscandcAnswers
Thisciscespeciallycdangerouscincthecheartcmusclecandcancirregularcheartbeatccanccausecacheartcattack
ThecbodycusescthecProteincBufferingcSystem,cPhosphatecBufferingcSystem,candcCarboniccAcid-
c BicarbonatecSystemctocregulatecandcmaintainchomeostaticcpH,cwhatciscthecconsequencecofcacpHcimbalan
ce
- ☑️☑️ProteinsccontaincmanycacidiccandcbasiccgroupcthatccancbecaffectedcbycpHcchanges.cAnycincreasecorcd
ecreasecincbloodcpHccancaltercthecstructurecofcthecproteinc(denature),ctherebycaffectingcitscfunctioncascw
ell
Describectheclaboratorycfindingscassociatedcwithcmetaboliccacidosis,cmetaboliccalkalosis,crespiratorycaci
dosiscandcrespiratorycalkalosis.c(iecrelativecpHcandcCO2clevels).
- ☑️☑️NormalcABGsc(ArterialcBloodcGases)cBloodcpH:c7.35-7.45cPCO2:c35-45cmmcHgcPO2:c90-
100cmmcHgcHCO3-:c22-26cmEq/LcSaO2:c95-100%
RespiratorycacidosiscandcalkalosiscarecmarkedcbycchangescincPCO2.cHigherc=cacidosiscandclowerc=calkalosi
s
MetaboliccacidosiscandcalkalosiscareccausedcbycsomethingcothercthancabnormalcCO2clevels.cThisccouldcinclud
ectoxicity,cdiabetes,crenalcfailurecorcexcessivecGIclosses.
, WGUcD236cpathophysiologycOAcExamcStudycGuidec2023cQuestionscandcAnswers
Herecarecthecrulesctocfollowctocdeterminecifciscrespiratorycorcmetaboliccincnature.c-
IfcpHcandcPCO2carecmovingcincoppositecdirections,cthencitciscthecpCO2clevelscthatcareccausingcthecimbalan
cecandcitciscrespiratorycincnature.
-
IfcPCO2ciscnormalcorciscmovingcincthecsamecdirectioncascthecpH,cthencthecimbalanceciscmetaboliccincnature
.
Thecanioncgapciscthecdifferencecbetweencmeasuredccationsc(Na+candcK+)candcmeasuredcanionsc(Cl-
andcHCO3-),cthisccalculationccancbecusefulcincdeterminingctheccausecofcmetaboliccacidosis.
c
Whycwouldcancincreasedcanioncgapcbecobservedcincdiabeticcketoacidosiscorclacticcacidosis?
- ☑️☑️Thecanioncgapcisctheccalculationcofcunmeasuredcanionscincthecblood.
Lacticcacidcandcketonescbothcleadctocthecproductioncofcunmeasuredcanions,cwhichcremovecHCO3-
(acmeasuredcanion)cduectocbufferingcofcthecexcesscH+candcthereforecleadsctocancincreasecincthecAG.
c
Whyciscitcimportantctocmaintaincachomeostaticcbalancecofcglucosecincthecbloodc(iecdescribecthecpathogen
esiscofcdiabetes)?
- ☑️☑️Insulinciscthechormonecresponsiblecforcinitiatingcthecuptakecofcglucosecbyctheccells.cCellscusecgluc
osectocproducecenergyc(ATP).
