BHSC 1200 MIDTERM QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
define anatomy and physiology - ANSWER-anatomy: science of body structures and the relationships
among them
physiology: science of body function
describe the structural organization of the human body from simplest to most complex - ANSWER-1)
chemical: atoms and molecules
2) cellular: molecules combine to form cells
3) tissue: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular
function
4) organ: structures composed of two or more different types of tissues; have specific functions and
recognizable shapes
5) system: related organs with a common function
6) organismal: all parts of the human body functioning together
define homeostasis - ANSWER--maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal
environment
-maintains volume and composition of body fluids
define homeostatic feedback system - ANSWER-cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is
monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
describe components of homeostatic feedback system - ANSWER-1) receptor: body structure that
monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre
2) control centre: sets the set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates
the input it receives from receptors, & generates output commands when they are needed
3) effector: body structure that received output from the control centre and produces a response or
effect that changes the controlled conditions
describe and provide an example of a negative feedback system - ANSWER--the response of the effector
negates the stimulus; body is brought back into homeostasis; normal range is achieved; leads to stability
ex/ regulation of blood pressure:
stimulus disrupts homeostasis by increasing controlled condition (blood pressure). receptor
(baroreceptors) send input (nerve impulse) to control centre (brain). Brain sends output (nerve impulse)
to effector (heart and blood vessels) . A response (lower heart rate and dilate blood vessels) occurs
which brings blood pressure back to normal range
describe and provide an example of a positive feedback system - ANSWER--the response of the effector
increases/reinforces change of the stimulus
-body is moved away from homeostasis
-normal range is lost
-used to speed up processes
-leads to instability because output becomes progressively stronger as it is fed back and reamplified
ex/ contractions during childbirth:
stimulus (contractions of uterine wall forcing baby's head into cervix) increases the controlled condition
(stretching of cervix). receptors (stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix) send input (nerve impulse) to the
, control centre (brain). Brain sends output (oxytocin) to effectors (muscles in uterine wall contract)
causing a response (body stretches cervix more). Response increases stimulus until cycle is interrupted
(baby is born)
describe anatomical position - ANSWER--standing erect
-head level, eyes forward
-lower limbs are parallel, feet flat on floor and toes facing forward
-upper limbs are at the sides, palms facing forward
superior/inferior - ANSWER-superior: toward the head or upper part of a structure
inferior: away from the head or lower part of a structure
anterior/posterior - ANSWER-anterior: nearer to or at the front of the body
posterior: nearer to or at the back of the body
medial/lateral - ANSWER-medial: nearer to the midline
lateral: farther from the midline
ipsilateral/contralateral - ANSWER-ipsilateral: on the same side of the body as another structure
contralateral: on the opposite side of the body as another structure
proximal/distal - ANSWER-proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
superficial/deep - ANSWER-superficial: toward or on the surface of the skin
deep: away from the surface of the body
sagittal plane
midsagittal plane
parasagittal plane - ANSWER-sagittal: vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left
sides, 2 types:
midsagittal: divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides
parasagittal: divides the body or organ into unequal left and right sides
frontal plane - ANSWER-divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane - ANSWER-divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
oblique plane - ANSWER-passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle
list the major body cavities and organs they contain - ANSWER--cranial cavity: formed by cranial bones
and contains brain
-vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
-thoracic cavity: chest cavity; contains the pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
-abdominal cavity: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine
-pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, portions of large intestines, and internal organs of reproduction
pleural cavity - ANSWER-space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung
pericardial cavity - ANSWER-space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
mediastinum - ANSWER--from sternum to vertebral column, and from first rib to diaphragm
-contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
describe the quadrants and regions of the abdominopelvic cavity - ANSWER-quadrants: right upper
quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
VERIFIED ANSWERS
define anatomy and physiology - ANSWER-anatomy: science of body structures and the relationships
among them
physiology: science of body function
describe the structural organization of the human body from simplest to most complex - ANSWER-1)
chemical: atoms and molecules
2) cellular: molecules combine to form cells
3) tissue: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular
function
4) organ: structures composed of two or more different types of tissues; have specific functions and
recognizable shapes
5) system: related organs with a common function
6) organismal: all parts of the human body functioning together
define homeostasis - ANSWER--maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal
environment
-maintains volume and composition of body fluids
define homeostatic feedback system - ANSWER-cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is
monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
describe components of homeostatic feedback system - ANSWER-1) receptor: body structure that
monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre
2) control centre: sets the set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates
the input it receives from receptors, & generates output commands when they are needed
3) effector: body structure that received output from the control centre and produces a response or
effect that changes the controlled conditions
describe and provide an example of a negative feedback system - ANSWER--the response of the effector
negates the stimulus; body is brought back into homeostasis; normal range is achieved; leads to stability
ex/ regulation of blood pressure:
stimulus disrupts homeostasis by increasing controlled condition (blood pressure). receptor
(baroreceptors) send input (nerve impulse) to control centre (brain). Brain sends output (nerve impulse)
to effector (heart and blood vessels) . A response (lower heart rate and dilate blood vessels) occurs
which brings blood pressure back to normal range
describe and provide an example of a positive feedback system - ANSWER--the response of the effector
increases/reinforces change of the stimulus
-body is moved away from homeostasis
-normal range is lost
-used to speed up processes
-leads to instability because output becomes progressively stronger as it is fed back and reamplified
ex/ contractions during childbirth:
stimulus (contractions of uterine wall forcing baby's head into cervix) increases the controlled condition
(stretching of cervix). receptors (stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix) send input (nerve impulse) to the
, control centre (brain). Brain sends output (oxytocin) to effectors (muscles in uterine wall contract)
causing a response (body stretches cervix more). Response increases stimulus until cycle is interrupted
(baby is born)
describe anatomical position - ANSWER--standing erect
-head level, eyes forward
-lower limbs are parallel, feet flat on floor and toes facing forward
-upper limbs are at the sides, palms facing forward
superior/inferior - ANSWER-superior: toward the head or upper part of a structure
inferior: away from the head or lower part of a structure
anterior/posterior - ANSWER-anterior: nearer to or at the front of the body
posterior: nearer to or at the back of the body
medial/lateral - ANSWER-medial: nearer to the midline
lateral: farther from the midline
ipsilateral/contralateral - ANSWER-ipsilateral: on the same side of the body as another structure
contralateral: on the opposite side of the body as another structure
proximal/distal - ANSWER-proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
superficial/deep - ANSWER-superficial: toward or on the surface of the skin
deep: away from the surface of the body
sagittal plane
midsagittal plane
parasagittal plane - ANSWER-sagittal: vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left
sides, 2 types:
midsagittal: divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides
parasagittal: divides the body or organ into unequal left and right sides
frontal plane - ANSWER-divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane - ANSWER-divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
oblique plane - ANSWER-passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle
list the major body cavities and organs they contain - ANSWER--cranial cavity: formed by cranial bones
and contains brain
-vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
-thoracic cavity: chest cavity; contains the pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
-abdominal cavity: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine
-pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, portions of large intestines, and internal organs of reproduction
pleural cavity - ANSWER-space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung
pericardial cavity - ANSWER-space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
mediastinum - ANSWER--from sternum to vertebral column, and from first rib to diaphragm
-contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
describe the quadrants and regions of the abdominopelvic cavity - ANSWER-quadrants: right upper
quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
