NANOMEDICINE EXAM 3 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
cancer is the ______ leading cause of death in the - ✔✔second ; behind heart disease
most common type of cancer in men? - ✔✔prostate
most common type of cancer in women? - ✔✔breast
T or F: plants can have tumors - ✔✔TRUE
two types of DNA damage that can lead to mutations that can lead to cancer: - ✔✔1.
internal : intermediates of metabolism (free radicals), DNA replication errors
2. external : sunlight, carcinogens, ionizing radiation
about how many cells at any point are actively undergoing mitosis? - ✔✔approx. 20%
different checkpoints for cell cycle: - ✔✔1. cell growth checkpoint (during the end of
phase G1; checks that cell has grown enough & has made the proper proteins for the
synthesis phase) if not cell goes to G0 phase
2. DNA synthesis checkpoint: occurs during synthesis (S phase); checks whether DNA
has been correctly replicated
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, 3. mitosis checkpoint: occurs during mitosis phase (M phase); checks whether mitosis is
complete, if so cell divides and then works to repeat the whole process
what is notable about the START checkpoint? - ✔✔once cells have passed START, they
are committed to enter the S phase and replicate their DNA
T or F: progression thru the cell cycle is regulated by external and internal signals -
✔✔TRUE
what does ERKs stand for? - ✔✔Extracellular signal-Regulated protein Kinases
how does the MAPK/Ras pathway work? - ✔✔ultimately ERK-1 enters the nucleus and
activates transcription factors that lead to the expression of Cyclin D-1
what goes wrong in the MAPK/Ras pathway that leads to cancer? - ✔✔- can be a loss of
control over cell division --> a mutation in the pathway can lead to the pathway always
being on, which results in cells dividing indefinitely ; cyclin D-1 is continuously made
which activates the cell cycle to occur
OR
- can be mutations in the checkpoint proteins (monitor is not working properly) -->
Chek2 is a kinase involved in DNA repair and cell cycle arrest & apoptosis in response
to DNA damage (active in G1, S, G2) and this checkpoint can detect internal and
external mutations
**Chek2 is typically activated by the DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM when ATM
is activated
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
cancer is the ______ leading cause of death in the - ✔✔second ; behind heart disease
most common type of cancer in men? - ✔✔prostate
most common type of cancer in women? - ✔✔breast
T or F: plants can have tumors - ✔✔TRUE
two types of DNA damage that can lead to mutations that can lead to cancer: - ✔✔1.
internal : intermediates of metabolism (free radicals), DNA replication errors
2. external : sunlight, carcinogens, ionizing radiation
about how many cells at any point are actively undergoing mitosis? - ✔✔approx. 20%
different checkpoints for cell cycle: - ✔✔1. cell growth checkpoint (during the end of
phase G1; checks that cell has grown enough & has made the proper proteins for the
synthesis phase) if not cell goes to G0 phase
2. DNA synthesis checkpoint: occurs during synthesis (S phase); checks whether DNA
has been correctly replicated
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, 3. mitosis checkpoint: occurs during mitosis phase (M phase); checks whether mitosis is
complete, if so cell divides and then works to repeat the whole process
what is notable about the START checkpoint? - ✔✔once cells have passed START, they
are committed to enter the S phase and replicate their DNA
T or F: progression thru the cell cycle is regulated by external and internal signals -
✔✔TRUE
what does ERKs stand for? - ✔✔Extracellular signal-Regulated protein Kinases
how does the MAPK/Ras pathway work? - ✔✔ultimately ERK-1 enters the nucleus and
activates transcription factors that lead to the expression of Cyclin D-1
what goes wrong in the MAPK/Ras pathway that leads to cancer? - ✔✔- can be a loss of
control over cell division --> a mutation in the pathway can lead to the pathway always
being on, which results in cells dividing indefinitely ; cyclin D-1 is continuously made
which activates the cell cycle to occur
OR
- can be mutations in the checkpoint proteins (monitor is not working properly) -->
Chek2 is a kinase involved in DNA repair and cell cycle arrest & apoptosis in response
to DNA damage (active in G1, S, G2) and this checkpoint can detect internal and
external mutations
**Chek2 is typically activated by the DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM when ATM
is activated
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
