Answer for microbiology Exam n n n
1. Introduction in medical microbiology. n n n
is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and
n n n n n n n n n n n
ntheir reactions to such infections in other words it deals with etiolog
n n n n n n n n n n n
y, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and contro
n n n n n n n
l of infection.
n n
2. Regulations of a work in microbiologic laboratory. n n n n n n
there are some chemicals used in this laboratory
n n n n n n n
that are potentially harmful. Many procedures involve glassware, o
n n n n n n n n
pen flames, and sharp objects
n n n n
that can cause trauma/ damage if used improperly. General S
n n n n n n n n n
afety Rules and Procedures n n n
The laboratory procedures must be read prior to attending that labor
n n n n n n n n n n
atory session. n
1). Smoking, eating, and drinking in the laboratory are a n n n n n n n n
bsolutely prohibited in the laboratory at n n n n n
any time. n
2). Only closed-toe shoes are to be worn in the laboratory.
n n n n n n n n n
Sandals or open toed or canvas shoes are n n n n n n n
not permitted because of the constant danger of cuts and infections fr
n n n n n n n n n n n
om broken glass found on
n n n n
the lab floors and the possibility of chemical spills.
n n n n n n n n
3). Keep hands and other objects away from your face, nose, ey
n n n n n n n n n n
es, ears, and mouth. The application
n n n n n
of cosmetics in the laboratory is prohibited.
n n n n n n
4). Work areas/surfaces must be disinfected before and after use.
n n n n n n n n
5). Laboratory coats must be worn and buttoned while. n n n n n n n
Laboratory coats should not be worn outside n n n n n n n
the laboratory. n
6). Protective eyewear must be worn when performing any e n n n n n n n n
xercise or procedure in the laboratory. n n n n n
,7). Long hair should be secured behind your head to minimize fir
n n n n n n n n n n
e hazard or contamination of
n n n n
experiments.
3. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes: similar and difference.
n n n n n
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Size Smaller Larger
Cell wall
n Present (except in My Absent in animal cells
n n n n n n
coplasma) .
Plants have n n
cellulose cel n
l wall. n
Fungi have chitin cell n n n
wall.
Cytoplasmic memb Contains no sterol, ex Contains sterol
n n n n n
rane cept Mycoplasma n
Organelles Absent Present
Ribosomes 70S (30S, 5OS) n n 8OS (40S, 6OS)
n n
Nuclear membran Absent
n Present
e
Nucleolus Absent (nuclear n n Present
body)
Chromosome numb Single n Multiple
er
Division Simple by binary fissi n n n Mitosis, budding n
on. and sexual reproducti
n n
on.
4. Prokaryotes and their properties.
n n n
,• Membrane bound cell organelles such as Mitochondria, G n n n n n n n
olgi apparatus, Chloroplasts are absent.
n n n n
• A membrane bound well defined nucleus is absent.
n n n n n n n
• Genetic material is circular DNA and occurs naked in the ce
n n n n n n n n n n
ll cytoplasm. It is attached to the cell membrane and called nucle
n n n n n n n n n n n
oid.
• The cell size ranges from 0.1 to 5.0 micrometre in size.
n n n n n n n n n n
• The cell wall is a rigid structure which is made up of pol
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ysaccharides.
5. Morphological classification of bacteria . n n n n
•Bacteria are intracellular free- n n n
living organisms having both DNA and RNA.
n n n n n n
Their biological properties and predominant reproduction by bina
n n n n n n n
ry fission relates them to prokaryotes.
n n n n n
1. Spherical (cocci). n
2. Rod-shaped (bacteria, bacilli, and clostridia). n n n n
3. Spiral-shaped (vibriones, spirilla, spirochaetes). n n n
4. Filamentous Bacteria. n
6. Major groups of globular bacteria (spherical).
n n n n n
1) Cocci: Cocci (Gk. kokkos– berry) are round-
n n n n n n
shaped bacterial forms. They can be spherical, ellipse-
n n n n n n n
, bean- or lancet-like.
n n n
1. Micrococci: These round cells are placed separately, si n n n n n n n
ngly and irregularly. n n
2. Diplococci: are divided within one plane being attached in n n n n n n n n
pairs. Among them are pathogenic Neisseriae: meningoco
n n n n n n n
cci–
causative agents of cerebrospinal meningitis; and gonococ
n n n n n n n
ci – n
causative agents of gonorrhoea and ophthalmianeonatoru n n n n n
m (or blennorrhoea).
n n
, 3. Streptococci: are divided in one plane making long or sh n n n n n n n n n
ort chains. Many of them are pathogenic for humans caus
n n n n n n n n n
ing suppurative infections, pneumonia, caries.
n n n n
4. Staphylococci: are irregularly divided within several pla n n n n n n
nes producing variable cell clusters; the latter in most cases
n n n n n n n n n
resemble grapes. Various species of staphylococci cause s
n n n n n n n n
uppurative diseases in humans. n n n
5. Tetracocci: are reproduced within two planes at right a n n n n n n n n
ngles making clusters of four cocci. They are non-
n n n n n n n n
pathogenic.
n
6. Sarcine: are divided in three perpendicular planes at rig n n n n n n n n
ht angles producing packages of 8-
n n n n n
16 or more cells. They can be present as normal habitants
n n n n n n n n n n
in air.
n n
7. The main groups of rod-shaped bacteria.
n n n n n
1. Bacteria: include those microorganisms, which, as rule, do n
n n n n n n n n
ot produce spores (E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella).
n n n n n
2. Bacilli: include organisms the majority of which produce s
n n n n n n n n
pores.
3. Clostridia: include organisms the majority of which p n n n n n n n
roduce spores. n
• Size of rod-shaped bacteria varies 2-10 μm: small rods are 2-
n n n n n n n n n n
4 μm; long rods are 5-10 μm.
n n n n n n
8. Describe the main groups of spiral shaped bacteria.
n n n n n n n
1. Vibrios: are cells, which resemble a comma in appearance (c
n n n n n n n n n
urved rods). Typical representative of this group is Vibrio chol
n n n n n n n n n
erae.
1. Introduction in medical microbiology. n n n
is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and
n n n n n n n n n n n
ntheir reactions to such infections in other words it deals with etiolog
n n n n n n n n n n n
y, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and contro
n n n n n n n
l of infection.
n n
2. Regulations of a work in microbiologic laboratory. n n n n n n
there are some chemicals used in this laboratory
n n n n n n n
that are potentially harmful. Many procedures involve glassware, o
n n n n n n n n
pen flames, and sharp objects
n n n n
that can cause trauma/ damage if used improperly. General S
n n n n n n n n n
afety Rules and Procedures n n n
The laboratory procedures must be read prior to attending that labor
n n n n n n n n n n
atory session. n
1). Smoking, eating, and drinking in the laboratory are a n n n n n n n n
bsolutely prohibited in the laboratory at n n n n n
any time. n
2). Only closed-toe shoes are to be worn in the laboratory.
n n n n n n n n n
Sandals or open toed or canvas shoes are n n n n n n n
not permitted because of the constant danger of cuts and infections fr
n n n n n n n n n n n
om broken glass found on
n n n n
the lab floors and the possibility of chemical spills.
n n n n n n n n
3). Keep hands and other objects away from your face, nose, ey
n n n n n n n n n n
es, ears, and mouth. The application
n n n n n
of cosmetics in the laboratory is prohibited.
n n n n n n
4). Work areas/surfaces must be disinfected before and after use.
n n n n n n n n
5). Laboratory coats must be worn and buttoned while. n n n n n n n
Laboratory coats should not be worn outside n n n n n n n
the laboratory. n
6). Protective eyewear must be worn when performing any e n n n n n n n n
xercise or procedure in the laboratory. n n n n n
,7). Long hair should be secured behind your head to minimize fir
n n n n n n n n n n
e hazard or contamination of
n n n n
experiments.
3. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes: similar and difference.
n n n n n
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Size Smaller Larger
Cell wall
n Present (except in My Absent in animal cells
n n n n n n
coplasma) .
Plants have n n
cellulose cel n
l wall. n
Fungi have chitin cell n n n
wall.
Cytoplasmic memb Contains no sterol, ex Contains sterol
n n n n n
rane cept Mycoplasma n
Organelles Absent Present
Ribosomes 70S (30S, 5OS) n n 8OS (40S, 6OS)
n n
Nuclear membran Absent
n Present
e
Nucleolus Absent (nuclear n n Present
body)
Chromosome numb Single n Multiple
er
Division Simple by binary fissi n n n Mitosis, budding n
on. and sexual reproducti
n n
on.
4. Prokaryotes and their properties.
n n n
,• Membrane bound cell organelles such as Mitochondria, G n n n n n n n
olgi apparatus, Chloroplasts are absent.
n n n n
• A membrane bound well defined nucleus is absent.
n n n n n n n
• Genetic material is circular DNA and occurs naked in the ce
n n n n n n n n n n
ll cytoplasm. It is attached to the cell membrane and called nucle
n n n n n n n n n n n
oid.
• The cell size ranges from 0.1 to 5.0 micrometre in size.
n n n n n n n n n n
• The cell wall is a rigid structure which is made up of pol
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ysaccharides.
5. Morphological classification of bacteria . n n n n
•Bacteria are intracellular free- n n n
living organisms having both DNA and RNA.
n n n n n n
Their biological properties and predominant reproduction by bina
n n n n n n n
ry fission relates them to prokaryotes.
n n n n n
1. Spherical (cocci). n
2. Rod-shaped (bacteria, bacilli, and clostridia). n n n n
3. Spiral-shaped (vibriones, spirilla, spirochaetes). n n n
4. Filamentous Bacteria. n
6. Major groups of globular bacteria (spherical).
n n n n n
1) Cocci: Cocci (Gk. kokkos– berry) are round-
n n n n n n
shaped bacterial forms. They can be spherical, ellipse-
n n n n n n n
, bean- or lancet-like.
n n n
1. Micrococci: These round cells are placed separately, si n n n n n n n
ngly and irregularly. n n
2. Diplococci: are divided within one plane being attached in n n n n n n n n
pairs. Among them are pathogenic Neisseriae: meningoco
n n n n n n n
cci–
causative agents of cerebrospinal meningitis; and gonococ
n n n n n n n
ci – n
causative agents of gonorrhoea and ophthalmianeonatoru n n n n n
m (or blennorrhoea).
n n
, 3. Streptococci: are divided in one plane making long or sh n n n n n n n n n
ort chains. Many of them are pathogenic for humans caus
n n n n n n n n n
ing suppurative infections, pneumonia, caries.
n n n n
4. Staphylococci: are irregularly divided within several pla n n n n n n
nes producing variable cell clusters; the latter in most cases
n n n n n n n n n
resemble grapes. Various species of staphylococci cause s
n n n n n n n n
uppurative diseases in humans. n n n
5. Tetracocci: are reproduced within two planes at right a n n n n n n n n
ngles making clusters of four cocci. They are non-
n n n n n n n n
pathogenic.
n
6. Sarcine: are divided in three perpendicular planes at rig n n n n n n n n
ht angles producing packages of 8-
n n n n n
16 or more cells. They can be present as normal habitants
n n n n n n n n n n
in air.
n n
7. The main groups of rod-shaped bacteria.
n n n n n
1. Bacteria: include those microorganisms, which, as rule, do n
n n n n n n n n
ot produce spores (E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella).
n n n n n
2. Bacilli: include organisms the majority of which produce s
n n n n n n n n
pores.
3. Clostridia: include organisms the majority of which p n n n n n n n
roduce spores. n
• Size of rod-shaped bacteria varies 2-10 μm: small rods are 2-
n n n n n n n n n n
4 μm; long rods are 5-10 μm.
n n n n n n
8. Describe the main groups of spiral shaped bacteria.
n n n n n n n
1. Vibrios: are cells, which resemble a comma in appearance (c
n n n n n n n n n
urved rods). Typical representative of this group is Vibrio chol
n n n n n n n n n
erae.
