Soil Science Exam 1 Advanced Questions And Correct Detailed Answers.

Ped - correct answer Fundamental nature unit of soil Pedology - correct answer The science of how soils form, their morphology (appearance), and their classification Soil Pedon - correct answer A three dimensional unit of soil Soil Horizon - correct answer Layers of soil Soil Profile - correct answer A vertical 2D face; vertical section of soil through its horizons Master Horizons - correct answer General type of horizon (Uppercase letter) Subordinate Horizon Designation - correct answer Additional details of horizons (lowercase letter) A Horizon - correct answer a mineral horizon that contains an accumulation of decomposed organic matter E Horizon - correct answer a mineral horizon that has been a zone of maximum removal of clays, oxides, etc. (zone of illuviation) C Horizon - correct answer unweathered sediments or unconsolidated rock that has undergone little soil development R Horizon - correct answer Not soil, but noted if within profile depth of interest; rocky O Horizon - correct answer A layer that consists of mainly decomposing organic materials; typically peat and muck layers in bogs Soil Constitiuents - correct answer Minerals, organic matter, water, air Humus - correct answer "stable" organic matter General Soil Constituents - correct answer For mineral soils: ~20-30% air, 20-30% water, 5% organic matter, 45% mineral 3 Main Essential Elements for Plants - correct answer Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium 6 Other Elements Needed - correct answer Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium Micronutrients for Plants - correct answer Iron, Boron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Molybdenum, Chlorine, Nickel, Cobalt Sand - correct answer 2.0-0.5 mm, low physical interaction, low chemical interaction, primary mineralogy Silt - correct answer .5 - .002mm, medium physical interactions, medium chemical interactions, Primary and secondary mineralogy Clay - correct answer .002mm, high physical interactions, high chemical interactions, secondary mineralogy Parent Material - correct answer Material from which soil develops Residual PM - correct answer Bedrock Transported PM - correct answer Sediments Organic Matter PM - correct answer bog deposits, compost, decayed material Primary Minerals - correct answer Form from cooling of molten magma Rock - correct answer inorganic material that forms the earth's crust, composed of minerals Five Soil Forming Factors - correct answer Relief (topography), Organisms (biota), Climate--- Time ----Soil Four Processes That Transform Rock to Soil - correct answer Additions (fertilizer, OM), Transformations (fossilization), Translocations (glaciation), Losses (water, erosion) Water Transported PM - correct answer Fluvial (streams, floods), Lacustrine (lakes), Marine (oceanic) Wind Deposited PM - correct answer Dune sand, loess, volcanic ash Soil Morphology - correct answer How we describe what soil looks like Colloid - correct answer complex of soils that consists chiefly of clay and humus and plays an important role in ion exchange and fertility Solum - correct answer The uppermost weathered portion of a soil Polypedon - correct answer Two or more contiguous pedons, which are all within the defined limits of a single soil series Saprolite - correct answer A chemically weathered rock Regolith - correct answer a layer of loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials Soil Structure - correct answer The arrangement of soil particles into natural aggregates; held together mainly by chemical bonds Functions of Soil - correct answer Medium for plant growth, regulator of water supplies, recycler of raw materials, habitat for soil organisms, landscaping and engineering medium Organic Matter Composition - correct answer 5% living organisms, 10% fresh residues, 33-50% decomposing organic matter, 33-50% stabilized organic matter (humus) Pedosphere - correct answer Outermost layer of the earth composed of soil and subject to weathering and other actions