Molecular Biology Exam 1 2025
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
molecular biology - ✔✔The study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression;
molecular genetics.
Central Dogma - ✔✔theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA
to RNA to proteins
Transcription - ✔✔synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Replication - ✔✔process of copying DNA prior to cell division
Reverse transcription - ✔✔synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
Require energy, require essential nutrients, compartmentalization, genetic information,
and catalysis - ✔✔What are the 5 characteristics of a living system?
Mutation - ✔✔Heritable changes in an organism's genomic information drives
_________.
Detrimental, beneficial, and neutral - ✔✔What are the three potential outcomes of a
mutation?
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Deinococcus radiodurans - ✔✔The organism that is extremely resistant to DNA damage
caused by radiation
Directed evolution - ✔✔improves a known function of an organism through multiple
rounds of variation and selecting optimal function
Miller-Urey Experiment - ✔✔The experiment that found that organic molecules can
form in a strongly reducing atmosphere.
RNA - ✔✔What is believed to be the earliest form of genetic information?
Catalytic, Information storing, flexible, simple, and uses uracil. - ✔✔What are the five
characteristics of RNA that support the idea that it was the basis for early life?
LUCA - ✔✔The last shared ancestor that all organisms evolved from
Simple metabolism, simple genetic material, primitive ribosome and protein
biosynthetic apparatus, transcriptional machinery, and genetic code - ✔✔What are the 5
likely characteristics of LUCA?
Charles Darwin - ✔✔English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by
natural selection (1809-1882)
Competition and mutations - ✔✔What does evolution depend on?
Adenine - ✔✔What nucleotide has a wide variety of uses and can be synthesized from
hydrogen cyanide?
Energy, electron carrying, DNA and RNA - ✔✔What are the four main uses for
adenine?
3.8 billion years ago - ✔✔First evidence of life
anaerobic prokaryotes - ✔✔first form of life was likely what type of cells?
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
molecular biology - ✔✔The study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression;
molecular genetics.
Central Dogma - ✔✔theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA
to RNA to proteins
Transcription - ✔✔synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Replication - ✔✔process of copying DNA prior to cell division
Reverse transcription - ✔✔synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
Require energy, require essential nutrients, compartmentalization, genetic information,
and catalysis - ✔✔What are the 5 characteristics of a living system?
Mutation - ✔✔Heritable changes in an organism's genomic information drives
_________.
Detrimental, beneficial, and neutral - ✔✔What are the three potential outcomes of a
mutation?
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Deinococcus radiodurans - ✔✔The organism that is extremely resistant to DNA damage
caused by radiation
Directed evolution - ✔✔improves a known function of an organism through multiple
rounds of variation and selecting optimal function
Miller-Urey Experiment - ✔✔The experiment that found that organic molecules can
form in a strongly reducing atmosphere.
RNA - ✔✔What is believed to be the earliest form of genetic information?
Catalytic, Information storing, flexible, simple, and uses uracil. - ✔✔What are the five
characteristics of RNA that support the idea that it was the basis for early life?
LUCA - ✔✔The last shared ancestor that all organisms evolved from
Simple metabolism, simple genetic material, primitive ribosome and protein
biosynthetic apparatus, transcriptional machinery, and genetic code - ✔✔What are the 5
likely characteristics of LUCA?
Charles Darwin - ✔✔English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by
natural selection (1809-1882)
Competition and mutations - ✔✔What does evolution depend on?
Adenine - ✔✔What nucleotide has a wide variety of uses and can be synthesized from
hydrogen cyanide?
Energy, electron carrying, DNA and RNA - ✔✔What are the four main uses for
adenine?
3.8 billion years ago - ✔✔First evidence of life
anaerobic prokaryotes - ✔✔first form of life was likely what type of cells?
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
