Molecular Biology Exam 1 2025
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Transcription - ✔✔synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
DNA Replication - ✔✔The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
Reverse Transcription - ✔✔synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
Central Dogma of Biology - ✔✔DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein
Prokaryote - ✔✔A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles
Eukaryote - ✔✔organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles
Bacteria - ✔✔Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing
peptidoglycan
Archaea - ✔✔Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain
peptidoglycan
Nucleus - ✔✔A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
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,Organelle - ✔✔specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a
eukaryotic cell
Cytoplasm - ✔✔A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Cell Membrane - ✔✔thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves
the cell
Gene - ✔✔A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Allele - ✔✔An alternative form of a gene.
Gene Expression - ✔✔process by which a gene produces its product and the product
carries out its function
Ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
tRNA - ✔✔transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
Amino Acid - ✔✔Building blocks of protein
Nucleic acids - ✔✔macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus
dsDNA and ssDNA - ✔✔double stranded DNA
single stranded DNA
Reverse Complement Strand - ✔✔- Nucleotide sequence that pairs with another given
sequence
Conventions for directionality of nucleic acid sequences - ✔✔5' to 3'
The Genetic Code - ✔✔64 codons, 20 amino acids and 3 stop codons
Codon preferences - ✔✔Genomes can be more GC-rich or AT-rich
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, GC-rich vs. AT-rich - ✔✔GC rich means more hydrogen bonds and is less dense
Reading Frame - ✔✔The way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA
nucleotides into codons
Open Reading Frame - ✔✔AUG followed by a number of codons and a stop codon in
the same reading frame
Start Codon - ✔✔AUG (methionine)
Stop Codon - ✔✔UAA, UAG, UGA
Frameshift - ✔✔mutation that causes the reading frame of mRNA codons to shift
Redundancy in the Genetic Code - ✔✔a particular amino acid can be coded for by more
than a single codon
insertion or deletion mutation - ✔✔results in a shift in the reading frame
Base change mutation - ✔✔May not change amin acids because of redundancy
Phosphodiester linkage - ✔✔covalent bonds that join adjacent nucleotides between the -
OH group of the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5' carbon of the
next
Phosphate - ✔✔PO4 3-
Phosphodiester Backbone - ✔✔Part of DNA composed of alternating sugar and
phosphate groups joined by phosphodiester bonds.
5' end 3' end - ✔✔5' end - has a 5' carbon attached to a phosphate
3' end - has a 3' carbon attached to a hydroxyl group
5' carbon - ✔✔carbon on the sugar in a nucleotide that has a phosphate group
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Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Transcription - ✔✔synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
DNA Replication - ✔✔The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
Reverse Transcription - ✔✔synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
Central Dogma of Biology - ✔✔DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein
Prokaryote - ✔✔A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles
Eukaryote - ✔✔organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles
Bacteria - ✔✔Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing
peptidoglycan
Archaea - ✔✔Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain
peptidoglycan
Nucleus - ✔✔A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Organelle - ✔✔specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a
eukaryotic cell
Cytoplasm - ✔✔A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Cell Membrane - ✔✔thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves
the cell
Gene - ✔✔A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Allele - ✔✔An alternative form of a gene.
Gene Expression - ✔✔process by which a gene produces its product and the product
carries out its function
Ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
tRNA - ✔✔transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
Amino Acid - ✔✔Building blocks of protein
Nucleic acids - ✔✔macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus
dsDNA and ssDNA - ✔✔double stranded DNA
single stranded DNA
Reverse Complement Strand - ✔✔- Nucleotide sequence that pairs with another given
sequence
Conventions for directionality of nucleic acid sequences - ✔✔5' to 3'
The Genetic Code - ✔✔64 codons, 20 amino acids and 3 stop codons
Codon preferences - ✔✔Genomes can be more GC-rich or AT-rich
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, GC-rich vs. AT-rich - ✔✔GC rich means more hydrogen bonds and is less dense
Reading Frame - ✔✔The way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA
nucleotides into codons
Open Reading Frame - ✔✔AUG followed by a number of codons and a stop codon in
the same reading frame
Start Codon - ✔✔AUG (methionine)
Stop Codon - ✔✔UAA, UAG, UGA
Frameshift - ✔✔mutation that causes the reading frame of mRNA codons to shift
Redundancy in the Genetic Code - ✔✔a particular amino acid can be coded for by more
than a single codon
insertion or deletion mutation - ✔✔results in a shift in the reading frame
Base change mutation - ✔✔May not change amin acids because of redundancy
Phosphodiester linkage - ✔✔covalent bonds that join adjacent nucleotides between the -
OH group of the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5' carbon of the
next
Phosphate - ✔✔PO4 3-
Phosphodiester Backbone - ✔✔Part of DNA composed of alternating sugar and
phosphate groups joined by phosphodiester bonds.
5' end 3' end - ✔✔5' end - has a 5' carbon attached to a phosphate
3' end - has a 3' carbon attached to a hydroxyl group
5' carbon - ✔✔carbon on the sugar in a nucleotide that has a phosphate group
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