Molecular Biology Exam 1 2025
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Griffith's experiment - ✔✔genetic material could be transferred between dead bacteria
and living bacteria
Avery, McLeod and McCarty - ✔✔Proved that DNA is the hereditary material. DNase,
Protease, RNase experiment
Hershey-Chase Experiment - ✔✔confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because
only Phosphorous radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria
(in the pellet) versus the radioactive sulfur labeled protein coats in the supernatant
Structure of nucleotides - ✔✔5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.
Phosphate and sugar linked by phosphodiester bonds, bases by H bonds
Purine - ✔✔Adenine and Guanine, 2 ring
Pyrimidine - ✔✔Cytosine and Thymine, 1 ring
Differences between DNA and RNA - ✔✔RNA contains uracil
DNA contains thymine
DNA has deoxyribose
RNA has ribose
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, other roles of nucleotides - ✔✔electron carrier, methyl carrier, and for signalling (e.g.
NAD+, NADP+, FAD, adoMet, cAMP)
DNA structure - ✔✔double stranded, antiparallel, helical, with a major and a minor
groove.
helix of DNA - ✔✔10.5 bp per turn in B form DNA, with each bp being 3.4 angstrom or
1/10 nm apart.
B-form DNA - ✔✔-the most common form of DNA in which molecular configuration
spirals to the right
A form DNA - ✔✔Condensed form of DNA. Deeper major groove and shallower minor
groove. right handed helix. 11 bp per turn. seen in low water content environments.
Z form DNA - ✔✔Left-handed helical form of DNA. 12 bp/turn. may form in high salt
environments, unclear
A-tracts - ✔✔sequences of 4-6 As or Ts seperated by Gs and Cs, repeated. This causes
bends in the DNA moleclule. incr interaction with proteins, usually transcription factors
Inverted repeats - ✔✔sequence followed by sequence that is its inverted repeat. form
hairpin or cruciform structures.
palindrome - ✔✔Same sequence on both strands read from 5' to 3' direction. restriction
enzyme binding site.
RNA structure - ✔✔usually A form helix. can form non-typical bps e.g. A-A and G-U.
2'OH allows for more complicated secondary structures. Also can become riboswitches
Denaturation - ✔✔breaking of H bonds between strands of DNA at high pH or
Temperature
Annealing - ✔✔strands reattach together at neutral pH and temp
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Griffith's experiment - ✔✔genetic material could be transferred between dead bacteria
and living bacteria
Avery, McLeod and McCarty - ✔✔Proved that DNA is the hereditary material. DNase,
Protease, RNase experiment
Hershey-Chase Experiment - ✔✔confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because
only Phosphorous radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria
(in the pellet) versus the radioactive sulfur labeled protein coats in the supernatant
Structure of nucleotides - ✔✔5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.
Phosphate and sugar linked by phosphodiester bonds, bases by H bonds
Purine - ✔✔Adenine and Guanine, 2 ring
Pyrimidine - ✔✔Cytosine and Thymine, 1 ring
Differences between DNA and RNA - ✔✔RNA contains uracil
DNA contains thymine
DNA has deoxyribose
RNA has ribose
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, other roles of nucleotides - ✔✔electron carrier, methyl carrier, and for signalling (e.g.
NAD+, NADP+, FAD, adoMet, cAMP)
DNA structure - ✔✔double stranded, antiparallel, helical, with a major and a minor
groove.
helix of DNA - ✔✔10.5 bp per turn in B form DNA, with each bp being 3.4 angstrom or
1/10 nm apart.
B-form DNA - ✔✔-the most common form of DNA in which molecular configuration
spirals to the right
A form DNA - ✔✔Condensed form of DNA. Deeper major groove and shallower minor
groove. right handed helix. 11 bp per turn. seen in low water content environments.
Z form DNA - ✔✔Left-handed helical form of DNA. 12 bp/turn. may form in high salt
environments, unclear
A-tracts - ✔✔sequences of 4-6 As or Ts seperated by Gs and Cs, repeated. This causes
bends in the DNA moleclule. incr interaction with proteins, usually transcription factors
Inverted repeats - ✔✔sequence followed by sequence that is its inverted repeat. form
hairpin or cruciform structures.
palindrome - ✔✔Same sequence on both strands read from 5' to 3' direction. restriction
enzyme binding site.
RNA structure - ✔✔usually A form helix. can form non-typical bps e.g. A-A and G-U.
2'OH allows for more complicated secondary structures. Also can become riboswitches
Denaturation - ✔✔breaking of H bonds between strands of DNA at high pH or
Temperature
Annealing - ✔✔strands reattach together at neutral pH and temp
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
