TREASURES OF PEDAGOGY
FOR
PST, CT, DM, TT, CT-IT, QARI AND EVERY ETEA TEST
AUTHOR: TARIQ JAMEEL
1.1 Pedagogy / Andragogy / Heutagogy / Peeragogy / Cybergogy
• Pedagogy is the art and science of teaching children, where the teacher directs the learning
process and students are generally dependent on the teacher for knowledge and guidance.
• Andragogy focuses on adult learning, emphasizing self-direction, experience-based learning, and
a collaborative relationship between teacher and learner.
• Heutagogy is self-determined learning, where learners take full control of what, how, and when
they learn, often in response to real-world challenges.
• Peeragogy involves collaborative learning among peers, where knowledge is co-created and
shared within a group, often without a central authority.
• Cybergogy refers to teaching and learning in digital environments, integrating technology to
support autonomy, collaboration, and digital literacy.
1.2 Education
Education is the structured process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values,
beliefs, and habits. It occurs through teaching, training, research, or guided learning and can be formal (in
schools), informal, or non-formal.
,2. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
2.1 Psychology & Educational Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Educational psychology applies these
principles to understand how people learn in educational settings, focusing on learner characteristics,
learning processes, and instructional strategies to improve teaching and learning outcomes.
2.2 System of Psychology
This refers to the various frameworks or approaches within psychology, such as behaviorism, cognitivism,
humanism, and constructivism. Each system offers different explanations for how learning and behavior
occur.
2.3 Psychology of Growth and Development
This field studies how humans grow and change throughout their lives, including physical, cognitive,
emotional, and social development. It covers stages from infancy to adulthood, examining factors like
motor skills, language, moral understanding, and identity formation.
2.4 Psychology of Motivation
Motivation is the internal force that drives individuals to act toward goals. It includes intrinsic motivation
(from within, like curiosity) and extrinsic motivation (from external rewards or pressures). Theories of
motivation explain how direction, intensity, and persistence of effort are determined and sustained.
2.5 Learning
Learning is a process where individuals acquire new knowledge, skills, or behaviors. Major theories
include:
• Behaviorism: Learning through reinforcement and punishment.
• Cognitivism: Learning as an internal mental process.
• Constructivism: Learners actively construct knowledge through experience and reflection.
2.6 Personality
Personality psychology studies individual differences in patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It
examines traits, development, and how personality influences interactions and responses to the
environment.
2.7 Social Behavior
Social behavior encompasses all actions and interactions among individuals and groups. It is shaped by
social learning (observing and imitating others), social influence (conformity, group pressure), and
cultural norms, playing a key role in personal and societal development.
2.8 Adjustment
Adjustment is the behavioral process by which individuals balance their needs with environmental
demands. It involves recognizing a need, facing obstacles, problem-solving, and achieving equilibrium or
satisfaction.
, 2.9 Major School of Thought in Psychology
The main schools include:
• Structuralism: Analyzing the structure of the mind.
• Functionalism: Understanding the purpose of mental processes.
• Gestalt Psychology: Studying perception as whole patterns.
• Behaviorism: Focusing on observable behavior.
• Psychoanalysis: Exploring unconscious motives.
• Humanism: Emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization.
• Cognitive Psychology: Investigating mental processes like memory and reasoning.
•
3. FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
3.1 Philosophy and Education
Examines how philosophical ideas shape educational aims, values, and practices, influencing what is
taught and how.
3.2 Philosophical Foundation of Education
Explores different philosophical schools (idealism, realism, pragmatism, existentialism) and their impact
on education systems, curriculum, and teaching methods.
3.3 Foundation of Education / Islamic Education
Discusses the underlying principles and values of education, with a focus on Islamic perspectives, such as
the integration of faith, moral development, and holistic growth.
3.4 Muslim Thinker / Philosophers
Studies contributions of Muslim scholars (e.g., Al-Ghazali, Ibn Sina) to educational philosophy,
emphasizing knowledge, ethics, and the role of reason.
3.5 Greek Philosopher’s & Western Philosopher’s
Reviews the influence of Greek (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) and Western philosophers on educational
thought, including concepts like critical thinking, virtue, and civic education.
3.6 Social Structure
Analyzes how social organization (family, community, institutions) affects educational opportunities,
access, and outcomes.
3.7 Factor Affecting Education in Pakistan
Explores social, economic, political, and cultural factors impacting education in Pakistan, such as poverty,
gender, policy, and infrastructure.
FOR
PST, CT, DM, TT, CT-IT, QARI AND EVERY ETEA TEST
AUTHOR: TARIQ JAMEEL
1.1 Pedagogy / Andragogy / Heutagogy / Peeragogy / Cybergogy
• Pedagogy is the art and science of teaching children, where the teacher directs the learning
process and students are generally dependent on the teacher for knowledge and guidance.
• Andragogy focuses on adult learning, emphasizing self-direction, experience-based learning, and
a collaborative relationship between teacher and learner.
• Heutagogy is self-determined learning, where learners take full control of what, how, and when
they learn, often in response to real-world challenges.
• Peeragogy involves collaborative learning among peers, where knowledge is co-created and
shared within a group, often without a central authority.
• Cybergogy refers to teaching and learning in digital environments, integrating technology to
support autonomy, collaboration, and digital literacy.
1.2 Education
Education is the structured process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values,
beliefs, and habits. It occurs through teaching, training, research, or guided learning and can be formal (in
schools), informal, or non-formal.
,2. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
2.1 Psychology & Educational Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Educational psychology applies these
principles to understand how people learn in educational settings, focusing on learner characteristics,
learning processes, and instructional strategies to improve teaching and learning outcomes.
2.2 System of Psychology
This refers to the various frameworks or approaches within psychology, such as behaviorism, cognitivism,
humanism, and constructivism. Each system offers different explanations for how learning and behavior
occur.
2.3 Psychology of Growth and Development
This field studies how humans grow and change throughout their lives, including physical, cognitive,
emotional, and social development. It covers stages from infancy to adulthood, examining factors like
motor skills, language, moral understanding, and identity formation.
2.4 Psychology of Motivation
Motivation is the internal force that drives individuals to act toward goals. It includes intrinsic motivation
(from within, like curiosity) and extrinsic motivation (from external rewards or pressures). Theories of
motivation explain how direction, intensity, and persistence of effort are determined and sustained.
2.5 Learning
Learning is a process where individuals acquire new knowledge, skills, or behaviors. Major theories
include:
• Behaviorism: Learning through reinforcement and punishment.
• Cognitivism: Learning as an internal mental process.
• Constructivism: Learners actively construct knowledge through experience and reflection.
2.6 Personality
Personality psychology studies individual differences in patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It
examines traits, development, and how personality influences interactions and responses to the
environment.
2.7 Social Behavior
Social behavior encompasses all actions and interactions among individuals and groups. It is shaped by
social learning (observing and imitating others), social influence (conformity, group pressure), and
cultural norms, playing a key role in personal and societal development.
2.8 Adjustment
Adjustment is the behavioral process by which individuals balance their needs with environmental
demands. It involves recognizing a need, facing obstacles, problem-solving, and achieving equilibrium or
satisfaction.
, 2.9 Major School of Thought in Psychology
The main schools include:
• Structuralism: Analyzing the structure of the mind.
• Functionalism: Understanding the purpose of mental processes.
• Gestalt Psychology: Studying perception as whole patterns.
• Behaviorism: Focusing on observable behavior.
• Psychoanalysis: Exploring unconscious motives.
• Humanism: Emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization.
• Cognitive Psychology: Investigating mental processes like memory and reasoning.
•
3. FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
3.1 Philosophy and Education
Examines how philosophical ideas shape educational aims, values, and practices, influencing what is
taught and how.
3.2 Philosophical Foundation of Education
Explores different philosophical schools (idealism, realism, pragmatism, existentialism) and their impact
on education systems, curriculum, and teaching methods.
3.3 Foundation of Education / Islamic Education
Discusses the underlying principles and values of education, with a focus on Islamic perspectives, such as
the integration of faith, moral development, and holistic growth.
3.4 Muslim Thinker / Philosophers
Studies contributions of Muslim scholars (e.g., Al-Ghazali, Ibn Sina) to educational philosophy,
emphasizing knowledge, ethics, and the role of reason.
3.5 Greek Philosopher’s & Western Philosopher’s
Reviews the influence of Greek (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) and Western philosophers on educational
thought, including concepts like critical thinking, virtue, and civic education.
3.6 Social Structure
Analyzes how social organization (family, community, institutions) affects educational opportunities,
access, and outcomes.
3.7 Factor Affecting Education in Pakistan
Explores social, economic, political, and cultural factors impacting education in Pakistan, such as poverty,
gender, policy, and infrastructure.
