MICRO 3050 CUMULATIVE FINAL – CLEMSON
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what is a microorganism - answersan organism too small to be seen by the naked eye
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define cellular - answersfit on the tree of life
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are seen as "living"
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define acellular - answersViruses, Viroids, Virusoids, Prions
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not on tree of life
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define prokaryotic - answersno nucleus
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no membrane bound organelles
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single chromosome ry
define eukaryotic - answerscomplex nucleus
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membrane bound organelles ry ry ry
capable of mitosis/meiosis ry ry
what are the 3 domains of life - answersbacteria
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archea ry
eukarya
,difference between bacteria and arches - answersbacteria - made of peptidoglycan ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
archea - no peptidoglycan, distinct ssu RNA sequences, abundant in extreme environments
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how do microbial populations change and evolve? - answersvertically - mutation of genetic
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material, new genotypes, natural selection (all from their parents)
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horizontally - increase in diversity within the same generation ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
define the prokaryote "species" - answersgroup of microbes that are more related to other
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microbes
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species is a controversial term ry ry ry ry
what is a microbial species - answerstwo organisms that can made and have successful offspring
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by excual reproduction
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whats a type strain - answersthe first strain isolated
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might not be representative of the rest of the species
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what are Koch's postulates - answers1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the
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disease and absent from healthy animals. (find in all sick, never healthy)
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ry 2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture. (isolate and grow in pure culture)
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
ry 3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause diseases in a healthy animal.
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
ry (infect new host with culture and get the same disease)
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4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.
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(reisolate organism)
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what are the problems with Koch's postulate? - answers1. 90% of disease causing pathogens
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can't be cultured in a lab
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2. there's no good animal model
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3. a # of pathogens live in healthy people without causing disease - opportunistic
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,compound light microscope - answersuses light to illuminate specimens (bright field, dark field,
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phase contrast, fluorescence)
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refractive index - answersa measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light
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direction and magnitude - answersdetermined be the refractive indices of the two media forming
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the interface.
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focal point - answersfocuses light rays
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focal length - answersdistance between center of lens and focal point
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shorter length = greater magnification
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parfocal lens - answersstays in focus when magnification and focal length change
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paracentric lens - answerswhen a specimen is in the center of the microscopic field, it will remain
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centered when different objective lenses are moved into the light path.
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total magnification - answersmag. Of ocular lense x mag. Of objective lense.
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ocular lens - answersmultiplies magnification of the objective lens by 10
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objective lens - answerseach lens magnifies the specimen
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each has a different magnifying power
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resolution - answersability of a lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close
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together.
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ry -formula: D=0.5 λ /(n(sintheta) ry ry ry
ry -smaller numerator = better resolution
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, ry -bigger n value, the better the resolution ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
ry -shorter wavelength = better resolution ry ry ry ry
numerical aperture - answersmeasure of light gathering ability (nsintheta) ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
theta - angle of light collected which is determined by the working distance
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more light = higher NA = better resolution
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what is working distance - answersdistance from the bottom of the objective lens to the top of the
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organism being observed
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stage - answersslide being viewed rests upon it, light passes through the hole
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condenser - answersfocuses light on specimen ry ry ry ry ry
course adjustment knob - answersUsed for focus on scanning. Usually the low power lens is used
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enabling the movement of the tube.
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fine adjustment knob - answersUsed for focus on oil. Moves the body tube for focussing the high
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power lens.
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arm - answersIt supports the tube of the microscope and connects to the base of the microscope.
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stage clip - answersStage clips hold the slides in proper place
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heat fixation - answersdestroys the proteins and internal structures of the cell but keeps the
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external cell structures in tact allowing you to see the morphology and shape of cell
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chemical fixation - answerspreserves internal structure ry ry ry ry ry
done with formaldehyde or HCL
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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what is a microorganism - answersan organism too small to be seen by the naked eye
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
define cellular - answersfit on the tree of life
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
are seen as "living"
ry ry ry
define acellular - answersViruses, Viroids, Virusoids, Prions
ry ry ry ry ry ry
not on tree of life
ry ry ry ry
define prokaryotic - answersno nucleus
ry ry ry ry ry
no membrane bound organelles
ry ry ry
single chromosome ry
define eukaryotic - answerscomplex nucleus
ry ry ry ry ry
membrane bound organelles ry ry ry
capable of mitosis/meiosis ry ry
what are the 3 domains of life - answersbacteria
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
archea ry
eukarya
,difference between bacteria and arches - answersbacteria - made of peptidoglycan ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
archea - no peptidoglycan, distinct ssu RNA sequences, abundant in extreme environments
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
how do microbial populations change and evolve? - answersvertically - mutation of genetic
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
material, new genotypes, natural selection (all from their parents)
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
horizontally - increase in diversity within the same generation ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
define the prokaryote "species" - answersgroup of microbes that are more related to other
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
microbes
ry ry
species is a controversial term ry ry ry ry
what is a microbial species - answerstwo organisms that can made and have successful offspring
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
by excual reproduction
ry ry ry
whats a type strain - answersthe first strain isolated
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
might not be representative of the rest of the species
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
what are Koch's postulates - answers1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
disease and absent from healthy animals. (find in all sick, never healthy)
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
ry 2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture. (isolate and grow in pure culture)
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
ry 3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause diseases in a healthy animal.
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
ry (infect new host with culture and get the same disease)
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
(reisolate organism)
ry ry
what are the problems with Koch's postulate? - answers1. 90% of disease causing pathogens
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
can't be cultured in a lab
ry ry ry ry ry ry
2. there's no good animal model
ry ry ry ry ry ry
3. a # of pathogens live in healthy people without causing disease - opportunistic
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
,compound light microscope - answersuses light to illuminate specimens (bright field, dark field,
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
phase contrast, fluorescence)
ry ry ry
refractive index - answersa measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
direction and magnitude - answersdetermined be the refractive indices of the two media forming
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
the interface.
ry ry
focal point - answersfocuses light rays
ry ry ry ry ry
focal length - answersdistance between center of lens and focal point
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
shorter length = greater magnification
ry ry ry ry
parfocal lens - answersstays in focus when magnification and focal length change
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
paracentric lens - answerswhen a specimen is in the center of the microscopic field, it will remain
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
centered when different objective lenses are moved into the light path.
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
total magnification - answersmag. Of ocular lense x mag. Of objective lense.
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
ocular lens - answersmultiplies magnification of the objective lens by 10
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
objective lens - answerseach lens magnifies the specimen
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
each has a different magnifying power
ry ry ry ry ry
resolution - answersability of a lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
together.
ry ry
ry -formula: D=0.5 λ /(n(sintheta) ry ry ry
ry -smaller numerator = better resolution
ry ry ry ry ry
, ry -bigger n value, the better the resolution ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
ry -shorter wavelength = better resolution ry ry ry ry
numerical aperture - answersmeasure of light gathering ability (nsintheta) ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
theta - angle of light collected which is determined by the working distance
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
more light = higher NA = better resolution
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
what is working distance - answersdistance from the bottom of the objective lens to the top of the
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
organism being observed
ry ry ry
stage - answersslide being viewed rests upon it, light passes through the hole
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
condenser - answersfocuses light on specimen ry ry ry ry ry
course adjustment knob - answersUsed for focus on scanning. Usually the low power lens is used
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
enabling the movement of the tube.
ry ry ry ry ry ry
fine adjustment knob - answersUsed for focus on oil. Moves the body tube for focussing the high
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
power lens.
ry ry
arm - answersIt supports the tube of the microscope and connects to the base of the microscope.
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
stage clip - answersStage clips hold the slides in proper place
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
heat fixation - answersdestroys the proteins and internal structures of the cell but keeps the
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
external cell structures in tact allowing you to see the morphology and shape of cell
ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry
chemical fixation - answerspreserves internal structure ry ry ry ry ry
done with formaldehyde or HCL
ry ry ry ry
