Microbiology Cumulative Final Exam Questions & Answers

What is the order of classification of organisms from most to least inclusive? (Taxonomy) - ANSWERSDomain- Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya Kingdom Phylum (division) Class Order Family Genus Species What groups make up the three domain system? - ANSWERSBacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya How do you properly identify the scientific name of a species? - ANSWERSGenus (first letter caps) Species (lowercase) Italicized or underlined What are the three subatomic particles of an atom? Where are they located? - ANSWERSProtons- Nucleus Neutrons- Nucleus Electrons- Outer shell What makes a solution acidic or basic? (pH and ions) - ANSWERSAcidic- Increased [H+] ions pH of 0-6 Basic- Increased [OH-] ions pH of 8-14 What are the monomers of the four main groups of organic/biological macromolecules? - ANSWERSProteins- Amino Acids Lipids- Fatty Acids Nucleic Acids- Nucleotide Carbs- Glucose/monosaccharide What is the function of protiens? - ANSWERSSupport, enzymes, transport, defense, movement What is the function of nucleic acids? - ANSWERSDNA- contains information that is essential for almost all cell activities including cell division RNA- Stores and transfers information essential for the manufacturing of proteins What is the function of carbs? - ANSWERSCell structure, adhesion, and metabolism What is the function of lipids? - ANSWERSTriglycerides- energy storage Phospholipid- major cell membrane component Steroids/membrane lipids- cell membrane component What is the name of the process in which bacteria reproduce? - ANSWERSBinary fission What is the function of flagella? - ANSWERSMovement of bacteria What is the function of the glycocalyx? (Slime layer and capsule) - ANSWERSProtects cell from dehydration and nutrient loss. Capsule- organized and firmly attached to cell wall Slime layer- unorganized and loosely attached What is the function of sex pili? - ANSWERSUsed to transfer DNA from one cell to another (Bacterial Conjungtion) What is the function of endospores? - ANSWERSMade for survival process. Created inside some bacteria to keep DNA from desiccation, heat damage, and chemical damage. What is the function of ribosomes? - ANSWERSSite of protein synthesis What is the function of plasma membrane? - ANSWERSSelectively permeable and regulates the entrance and exit of molecules/ions What cell parts do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? - ANSWERSCell membrane, DNA/chromosomes (genetic material), cytoplasm/cytosol, ribosomes What are some of the major similarities and differences of gram-positive and gram negative cell walls? - ANSWERSGram-Positive: Thick layer of peptidoglycan and negatively charged teichoic acid on surface (PURPLE AFTER STAIN) Gram-Negative: Thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer membrane (PINK/RED AFTER STAIN) Why are gram-negative infections more difficult to treat? - ANSWERS1. The outer membrane is selectively preamble which protects antibiotics from coming into the cell. 2. Endotoxins can leak out of the cell when it is killed which can then lead to endotoxic shock 3. They can resist phagocytosis which is the first line of defense What are the two major groups of Prokaryotes? - ANSWERSBacteria and Archaea What is the function of cilia? - ANSWERSMovement of organism and material What is the function of cytoplasm/cytosol? - ANSWERSBathes the organells What is the function of the mitochondria? - ANSWERSPowerhouse of the cell. Site of ATP production What is the function of the ER? - ANSWERSSmooth- Synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones, detoxifies in liver cells, and stores calcium in muscles. Rough- Filled with ribosomes which is the site of protein synthesis What is the function of the nucleus? - ANSWERSStores information in DNA/genetic material What is the function of the nucleolus? - ANSWERSSite of ribosome synthesis and where they are partially assembled What is the function of the cholorplast? - ANSWERSSite of protein synthesis What is the function of golgi body/complex? - ANSWERSModifies proteins from the ER, packages and prepares proteins for secretion or transport to other organelles What is the function of lysosomes? - ANSWERSDigest macromolecules, old organelles, virus and bacteria What is the function of vacuoles? - ANSWERSAnimals- Stores fluids and solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored Protozoa- Expels excess water to regulate osmotic pressure Plants- large water vacuoles (Storage sac) What is the function of the cytoskeleton? - ANSWERSInternal network of tubules and filaments that is involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, and structural support What are the names of the Eukaryotic micobes? - ANSWERSFungi, Alage, Protozoa, and Helminths What are the similarities and differences between diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport? - ANSWERSDiffusion (passive transport)- movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration Osmosis (passive transport)- Net movement of solvent from high concentration of solvent to low concentration of solvent. Diffusion of water Facilitated Diffusion (passive transport)- Carries substances across membrane by attachment of a molecule to a specific protein carrier Active Transport- Requires energy and carrier proteins. Moves against the concentration gradient from low to high.