Maryville University Of St. Louis NUR611/ NUR 611/ N
m m m m m m m m
URSING 611/ NURSING611/ NURS 611/
m m m m
NURS611-Patho Exam 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
m m m m m
,611- 1
PATHOmEXAMm“AREmWEmTHEREmYET”mQ&AmSUMMER
1. Whatmaremclinical mmanifestationsmofmhypothyroidism?
a. Intolerancemtomheat,mtachycardia,mandmweightmloss
b. Oligomenorrhea,mfatigue,mandmwarmmskin
c. Restlessness,mincreasedmappetite,mandmmetrorrhagia
d. Constipation,mdecreasedmheatmrate,mandmlethargy
Themlower mlevelsmofmthyroidmhormonemresultminmdecreasedmenergymmetabolism,mresulti
ng minmconstipation,mbradycardia,mandmlethargy,mthusmeliminating mthemremaining moption
s.
2. Thyroid-
stimulating mhormonem(TSH)mismreleasedmtomstimulatemthyroidmhormonem(TH)mandmisminhib
itedmwhenmplasmamlevelsmofmTHmaremadequate.mThismismanmexamplemof:
a. Positivemfeedback
b. Neuralmregulation
c. Negativemfeedback
d. Physiologicmregulation
Negativemfeedback.mFeedbackmsystemsmprovidemprecisemmonitoring mandmcontrolmofmthem
cellular menvironment.mNegativemfeedbackmoccursmbecausemthemchanging mchemical,mneur
al,mormendocrinemresponsemtomamstimulusmnegatesmtheminitiating mchangemthatmtriggeredmt
hemreleasemofmthemhormone.mThyrotropin-
releasingmhormonem(TRH)mfrommthemhypothalamusmstimulatesmTSHmsecretionmfrommthem
anterior mpituitary.mSecretionmofmTSHmstimulatesmthemsynthesismandmsecretionmofmTHs.mIncr
easing mlevelsmofmT4mandmtriiodothyroninem(T3)mthenmgeneratemnegativemfeedbackmonmthemp
ituitarymandmhypothalamusmtominhibitmTRHmandmTSHmsynthesis.
3. Lipid-solublemhormonemreceptorsmaremlocated:
a. Insidemthemplasmammembraneminmthemcytoplasm
b. Onmthemouter msurfacemofmthemplasmammembrane
c. Insidemthemmitochondria
d. Onmtheminner msurfacemofmthemplasmammembrane
Insidemthemplasmammembraneminmthemcytoplasm.mLipid-
solublemhormonemreceptorsmaremlocatedminsidemthemplasmammembranemandmeasilymdiffus
emacrossmthemplasmammembranemtombindmtomeither mcytosolicmormnuclear mreceptors.
4. Themreleasing mhormonesmthatmaremmademinmthemhypothalamusmtravelmtomthemanter
iormpituitarymviamthe:
a. Vesselsmofmthemzonamfasciculata
b. Hypophysealmstalk
c. Infundibular mstem
d. Portalmhypophysealmbloodmvessels
Portalmhypophysealmbloodmvessels.mReleasing mandminhibitorymhormonesmaremsynthesizedmi
nmthemhypothalamusmandmaremsecretedmintomthemportalmbloodmvesselsmthroughmwhichmth
eymtravelmtomthemanterior mpituitarymhormones.
5. Whichmmineralmismneededmfor mthyroid-
stimulating mhormonem(TSH)mtomstimulatemthemsecretionmofmthyroidmhormonem(TH
)?
a. Iron
b. Iodide
c. Zinc
,611- 2
PATHOmEXAMm“AREmWEmTHEREmYET”mQ&AmSUMMER
d. Copper
Iodide.mTSH,mwhichmismsynthesizedmandmstoredminmthemanterior mpituitary,mstimulatesmsecr
etionmofmTHmbymactivating mintracellular mprocesses,mincluding mthemuptakemofmiodinemneces
sarymformthemsynthesismofmTH.
6. Whatmeffectmdoesmhyperphosphatemia mhavemonmother melectrolytes?
a. Increasesmserummcalcium
b. Decreasesmserummmagnesium
c. Decreasesmserummcalcium
d. Increasesmserummmagnesium
Decreasesmserummcalcium.mHyperphosphatemia mleadsmtomhypocalcemia.mRemember mtha
tmphosmandmcalciummareminverselymrelated.
7. Insulinmtransportsmwhichmelectrolyteminmthemcell?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Calcium
d. Phosphorus
Potassium.mInsulinmfacilitatesmthemintracellular mtransportmofmpotassium,mphosphate,mand
m magnesium.
8. Whichmsecondmmessenger mismstimulatedmbymepinephrinembinding mtomamβ-
adrenergicmreceptor?
a. Calcium
b. Inositolmtriphosphatem(IP3)
c. Diacylglycerol m(DAG)
d. Cyclicmadenosinemmonophosphatem(cAMP)
Cyclicmadenosinemmonophosphatem(cAMP).mSecond-
messenger mmoleculesmaremtheminitialmlinkmbetweenmthemfirstmsignalm(hormone)mandmthem
insidemofmthemcell.mFormexample,mthembinding mofmepinephrinemtomamβ madrenergic–
receptor msubtypemactivatesm(throughmamstimulatorymGmprotein)mthemenzyme,madenylylmc
yclase.mAdenylylmcyclasemcatalyzesmthemconversionmofmadenosinemtriphosphatem(ATP)mto
m them secondm messenger,m3',mandm 5'-cAMP.
9. Regulationmofmthemreleasemofmcatecholaminesmfrommthemadrenalmmedullamismanmexampl
emofmwhichmtypemofmregulation?
a. Negativemfeedback
b. Neural
c. Positivemfeedback
d. Physiologic
Neural.mThemreleasemofmhormonesmoccursmeither minmresponsemtomanmalterationminmthemc
ellular menvironmentmorminmthemprocessmofmmaintaining mamregulatedmlevelmofmcertainmhor
monesmormcertainmsubstances.mSeveralmdifferentmmechanisms,monemofmwhichmismneuralmc
ontrolm(e.g.,mstress-
inducedmreleasemofmcatecholaminesmfrommthemadrenalmmedulla),mregulatemthemreleasem
ofmhormones.
10. Whichmhormonemdoesmthemsecondmmessenger mcalciumm(Ca++ )mbindmtomactivate
phospholipase mCm throughmamGmprotein?
a. AngiotensinmII
b. Estrogen
, 611- 3
PATHOmEXAMm“AREmWEmTHEREmYET”mQ&AmSUMMER
c. Thyroxine
d. Testosterone
AngiotensinmII.mCa++ mismconsideredmanmimportantmsecondmmessenger mthatmfacilitatesmthem
binding mofmamhormonem(e.g.,mnorepinephrine,mangiotensinmII)mtomamsurfacemreceptor,mact
ivating mthemenzymemphospholipase mCm throughmamGmproteinminsidemthemplasmammembran
e.
11. Themcontrolmofmcalciumminmcellsmismimportantmbecausemit:
a. Ismcontrolledmbymthemcalciummnegative-feedbackmloop.
b. Ismcontinuouslymsynthesized.
c. Actsmasmamsecondmmessenger.
d. Carriesmlipid-solublemhormonesminmthembloodstream.
Actsmasmamsecondmmessenger.mInmadditionmtombeing manmimportantmionmthatmparticipatesminmam
multitudemofmcellular mactions,mCa++ mismconsideredmanmimportantmsecondmmessenger.
12. Wheremismantidiureticmhormonem(ADH)msynthesized,mandmwheremdoesmitmact?
a. Hypothalamus;mrenalmtubular mcells
b. Anterior mpituitary;mposterior mpituitary
c. Renalmtubules;mrenalmcollecting mducts
d. Posterior mpituitary;mloopmofmHenle
Hypothalamus;mrenalmtubular mcells.mOncemsynthesizedminmthemhypothalamus,mADHmactsmo
nmthemvasopressinm2m(V2)mreceptorsmofmthemrenalmductmcellsmtomincreasemtheirmpermeabil
ity.
13. Howmdoesmamfaultymnegative-
feedbackmmechanismmresultminmamhormonalmimbalance?
a. Hormonesmaremnotmsynthesizedminmresponsemtomcellular mandmtissuemactivities.
b. Decreasedmhormonalmsecretionmismamresponsemtomrising mhormonemlevels.
c. Toomlittlemhormonemproductionmisminitiated.
d. Excessivemhormonemproductionmresultsmfrommamfailuremtomturnm offm themsystem.mE
xcessivemhormonemproductionmresultsmfrommamfailuremtomturnmoffmthemsystem.mNegative-
m feedbackmsystemsmaremimportantm inmmaintaining m hormonesmwithinm physiologic mranges.m
Themlackmofmnegative-
feedbackminhibitionmonmhormonalmreleasemoftenmresultsminmpathologicmconditions.mExces
sivemhormonemproduction,mwhichmismthemresultmofmthemfailuremtomturnmoffmthemsystem,mca
nmcausemvariousmhormonalmimbalancesmandmrelatedmconditions.
14. Amdeficiencymofmwhichmchemicalmmaymresultminmhypothyroidism?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodine
d. Magnesium
Zinc.mThemonlymcausemofmhypothyroidismmfrommamong mthemprovidedmoptionsmismamdeficien
cymofmendemicmiodine.
15. Whatmimbalancemlessensmthemratemofmsecretionmofmparathyroidmhormone
a. Increasedmserummcalciummlevels
b. Decreasedmserummmagnesiummlevels
c. Decreasedmlevelsmofmthyroid-stimulating mhormone
d. Increasedmlevelsmofmthyroid-stimulating mhormone
Themoverallmeffectmofmparathyroidmhormonem(PTH)ismtomincreasemserummcalciummandmtom
decreasemserummphosphatemconcentration.
m m m m m m m m
URSING 611/ NURSING611/ NURS 611/
m m m m
NURS611-Patho Exam 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
m m m m m
,611- 1
PATHOmEXAMm“AREmWEmTHEREmYET”mQ&AmSUMMER
1. Whatmaremclinical mmanifestationsmofmhypothyroidism?
a. Intolerancemtomheat,mtachycardia,mandmweightmloss
b. Oligomenorrhea,mfatigue,mandmwarmmskin
c. Restlessness,mincreasedmappetite,mandmmetrorrhagia
d. Constipation,mdecreasedmheatmrate,mandmlethargy
Themlower mlevelsmofmthyroidmhormonemresultminmdecreasedmenergymmetabolism,mresulti
ng minmconstipation,mbradycardia,mandmlethargy,mthusmeliminating mthemremaining moption
s.
2. Thyroid-
stimulating mhormonem(TSH)mismreleasedmtomstimulatemthyroidmhormonem(TH)mandmisminhib
itedmwhenmplasmamlevelsmofmTHmaremadequate.mThismismanmexamplemof:
a. Positivemfeedback
b. Neuralmregulation
c. Negativemfeedback
d. Physiologicmregulation
Negativemfeedback.mFeedbackmsystemsmprovidemprecisemmonitoring mandmcontrolmofmthem
cellular menvironment.mNegativemfeedbackmoccursmbecausemthemchanging mchemical,mneur
al,mormendocrinemresponsemtomamstimulusmnegatesmtheminitiating mchangemthatmtriggeredmt
hemreleasemofmthemhormone.mThyrotropin-
releasingmhormonem(TRH)mfrommthemhypothalamusmstimulatesmTSHmsecretionmfrommthem
anterior mpituitary.mSecretionmofmTSHmstimulatesmthemsynthesismandmsecretionmofmTHs.mIncr
easing mlevelsmofmT4mandmtriiodothyroninem(T3)mthenmgeneratemnegativemfeedbackmonmthemp
ituitarymandmhypothalamusmtominhibitmTRHmandmTSHmsynthesis.
3. Lipid-solublemhormonemreceptorsmaremlocated:
a. Insidemthemplasmammembraneminmthemcytoplasm
b. Onmthemouter msurfacemofmthemplasmammembrane
c. Insidemthemmitochondria
d. Onmtheminner msurfacemofmthemplasmammembrane
Insidemthemplasmammembraneminmthemcytoplasm.mLipid-
solublemhormonemreceptorsmaremlocatedminsidemthemplasmammembranemandmeasilymdiffus
emacrossmthemplasmammembranemtombindmtomeither mcytosolicmormnuclear mreceptors.
4. Themreleasing mhormonesmthatmaremmademinmthemhypothalamusmtravelmtomthemanter
iormpituitarymviamthe:
a. Vesselsmofmthemzonamfasciculata
b. Hypophysealmstalk
c. Infundibular mstem
d. Portalmhypophysealmbloodmvessels
Portalmhypophysealmbloodmvessels.mReleasing mandminhibitorymhormonesmaremsynthesizedmi
nmthemhypothalamusmandmaremsecretedmintomthemportalmbloodmvesselsmthroughmwhichmth
eymtravelmtomthemanterior mpituitarymhormones.
5. Whichmmineralmismneededmfor mthyroid-
stimulating mhormonem(TSH)mtomstimulatemthemsecretionmofmthyroidmhormonem(TH
)?
a. Iron
b. Iodide
c. Zinc
,611- 2
PATHOmEXAMm“AREmWEmTHEREmYET”mQ&AmSUMMER
d. Copper
Iodide.mTSH,mwhichmismsynthesizedmandmstoredminmthemanterior mpituitary,mstimulatesmsecr
etionmofmTHmbymactivating mintracellular mprocesses,mincluding mthemuptakemofmiodinemneces
sarymformthemsynthesismofmTH.
6. Whatmeffectmdoesmhyperphosphatemia mhavemonmother melectrolytes?
a. Increasesmserummcalcium
b. Decreasesmserummmagnesium
c. Decreasesmserummcalcium
d. Increasesmserummmagnesium
Decreasesmserummcalcium.mHyperphosphatemia mleadsmtomhypocalcemia.mRemember mtha
tmphosmandmcalciummareminverselymrelated.
7. Insulinmtransportsmwhichmelectrolyteminmthemcell?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Calcium
d. Phosphorus
Potassium.mInsulinmfacilitatesmthemintracellular mtransportmofmpotassium,mphosphate,mand
m magnesium.
8. Whichmsecondmmessenger mismstimulatedmbymepinephrinembinding mtomamβ-
adrenergicmreceptor?
a. Calcium
b. Inositolmtriphosphatem(IP3)
c. Diacylglycerol m(DAG)
d. Cyclicmadenosinemmonophosphatem(cAMP)
Cyclicmadenosinemmonophosphatem(cAMP).mSecond-
messenger mmoleculesmaremtheminitialmlinkmbetweenmthemfirstmsignalm(hormone)mandmthem
insidemofmthemcell.mFormexample,mthembinding mofmepinephrinemtomamβ madrenergic–
receptor msubtypemactivatesm(throughmamstimulatorymGmprotein)mthemenzyme,madenylylmc
yclase.mAdenylylmcyclasemcatalyzesmthemconversionmofmadenosinemtriphosphatem(ATP)mto
m them secondm messenger,m3',mandm 5'-cAMP.
9. Regulationmofmthemreleasemofmcatecholaminesmfrommthemadrenalmmedullamismanmexampl
emofmwhichmtypemofmregulation?
a. Negativemfeedback
b. Neural
c. Positivemfeedback
d. Physiologic
Neural.mThemreleasemofmhormonesmoccursmeither minmresponsemtomanmalterationminmthemc
ellular menvironmentmorminmthemprocessmofmmaintaining mamregulatedmlevelmofmcertainmhor
monesmormcertainmsubstances.mSeveralmdifferentmmechanisms,monemofmwhichmismneuralmc
ontrolm(e.g.,mstress-
inducedmreleasemofmcatecholaminesmfrommthemadrenalmmedulla),mregulatemthemreleasem
ofmhormones.
10. Whichmhormonemdoesmthemsecondmmessenger mcalciumm(Ca++ )mbindmtomactivate
phospholipase mCm throughmamGmprotein?
a. AngiotensinmII
b. Estrogen
, 611- 3
PATHOmEXAMm“AREmWEmTHEREmYET”mQ&AmSUMMER
c. Thyroxine
d. Testosterone
AngiotensinmII.mCa++ mismconsideredmanmimportantmsecondmmessenger mthatmfacilitatesmthem
binding mofmamhormonem(e.g.,mnorepinephrine,mangiotensinmII)mtomamsurfacemreceptor,mact
ivating mthemenzymemphospholipase mCm throughmamGmproteinminsidemthemplasmammembran
e.
11. Themcontrolmofmcalciumminmcellsmismimportantmbecausemit:
a. Ismcontrolledmbymthemcalciummnegative-feedbackmloop.
b. Ismcontinuouslymsynthesized.
c. Actsmasmamsecondmmessenger.
d. Carriesmlipid-solublemhormonesminmthembloodstream.
Actsmasmamsecondmmessenger.mInmadditionmtombeing manmimportantmionmthatmparticipatesminmam
multitudemofmcellular mactions,mCa++ mismconsideredmanmimportantmsecondmmessenger.
12. Wheremismantidiureticmhormonem(ADH)msynthesized,mandmwheremdoesmitmact?
a. Hypothalamus;mrenalmtubular mcells
b. Anterior mpituitary;mposterior mpituitary
c. Renalmtubules;mrenalmcollecting mducts
d. Posterior mpituitary;mloopmofmHenle
Hypothalamus;mrenalmtubular mcells.mOncemsynthesizedminmthemhypothalamus,mADHmactsmo
nmthemvasopressinm2m(V2)mreceptorsmofmthemrenalmductmcellsmtomincreasemtheirmpermeabil
ity.
13. Howmdoesmamfaultymnegative-
feedbackmmechanismmresultminmamhormonalmimbalance?
a. Hormonesmaremnotmsynthesizedminmresponsemtomcellular mandmtissuemactivities.
b. Decreasedmhormonalmsecretionmismamresponsemtomrising mhormonemlevels.
c. Toomlittlemhormonemproductionmisminitiated.
d. Excessivemhormonemproductionmresultsmfrommamfailuremtomturnm offm themsystem.mE
xcessivemhormonemproductionmresultsmfrommamfailuremtomturnmoffmthemsystem.mNegative-
m feedbackmsystemsmaremimportantm inmmaintaining m hormonesmwithinm physiologic mranges.m
Themlackmofmnegative-
feedbackminhibitionmonmhormonalmreleasemoftenmresultsminmpathologicmconditions.mExces
sivemhormonemproduction,mwhichmismthemresultmofmthemfailuremtomturnmoffmthemsystem,mca
nmcausemvariousmhormonalmimbalancesmandmrelatedmconditions.
14. Amdeficiencymofmwhichmchemicalmmaymresultminmhypothyroidism?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodine
d. Magnesium
Zinc.mThemonlymcausemofmhypothyroidismmfrommamong mthemprovidedmoptionsmismamdeficien
cymofmendemicmiodine.
15. Whatmimbalancemlessensmthemratemofmsecretionmofmparathyroidmhormone
a. Increasedmserummcalciummlevels
b. Decreasedmserummmagnesiummlevels
c. Decreasedmlevelsmofmthyroid-stimulating mhormone
d. Increasedmlevelsmofmthyroid-stimulating mhormone
Themoverallmeffectmofmparathyroidmhormonem(PTH)ismtomincreasemserummcalciummandmtom
decreasemserummphosphatemconcentration.
