NRSG 1330 Exam 2 2025 Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
What are the three anatomic shunts in fetal circulation? - ✔✔- foramen ovale
- ductus arteriosus
- ductus venosus
What/where is the foramen ovale? - ✔✔An opening between the two atria that allows
for the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
What/where is the ductus arteriosus? - ✔✔A ligamentous vessel connecting the
ascending aorta to the pulmonary arteries that allows for the mixing for oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood
Fetal specific cardiovascular structures should close and transition to newborn heart
structure by what time frame? - ✔✔By 24 hours after the baby is born, we expect all
fetal heart structures to close and transition to newborn heart structure.
This is why we wait until the 24 hour mark of life to perform a cardiac screening.
By what age should capillary refill be < 3 seconds? - ✔✔12 months
What are innocent murmurs? - ✔✔Turbulent or inceased blood flow through a heart
with normal anatomy and function
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Requires frequent monitoring to rule of the presence of defects
Will eventually grow out of it
What abnormal signs/symptoms would lead to suspected cardiac pathology? - ✔✔-
failure to thrive, poor weight gain
- cyanosis, pallor
- visualized pulsating neck veins (JVD)
- tachypnea, dyspnea
- irregular pulse rate
- clubbing of fingers
- fatigue during feeding or activity
- excessive perspiration, especially over forehead
What is failure to thrive? - ✔✔Consistently at or below the third percentile for height
and weight
Acyanotic congenital heart defects are caused by one of what two things? -
✔✔Increased pulmonary blood flow
- atrial septal defect
- ventricular septal defect
- patent ductus arteriosus
- atrioventricular canal
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Obstruction to blood flow from ventricles
- coarctation of aorta
- aortic stenosis
- pulmonic stenosis
Cyanotic congenital heart defects are caused by one of what two things? - ✔✔Decreased
pulmonary blood flow
- tetralogy of fallot
- tricuspid atresia
Mixed blood flow
- transposition of great arteries
- total anomalous pulmonary venous return
- truncus arteriosus
- hypoplastic left heart syndrome
True or false: Cyanotic congenital heart diseases/defects are usually more serious than
acyanotic diseases/defects. - ✔✔True
Give an example of a noninvasive and an invasive diagnostic study for congenital heart
defects. - ✔✔Noninvasive: electrocardiogram
Invasive: angiogram
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, True or false: Most cardiac defects require surgical intervention. - ✔✔True
The mixing of blood in a heart that should have normal circulation results in what? -
✔✔While the baby is in the womb, the blood is mixed to promote better oxygenation to
the body, because the baby is not oxygenating its own blood.
Once the baby starts breathing outside the womb, the changes from fetal to newborn
circulation are meant to prevent the mixing of blood as the baby is now oxygenating its
own blood through the lungs.
The mixing of blood in a newborn heart results in desaturated blood and hypoxemia.
What is polycythemia? What lab results indicate polycythemia? - ✔✔Bone marrow
responds to chronic hypoxemia by producing more RBCs to increase the amount of
hemoglobin available for oxygenation
Lab results:
- increased RBCs
- increased Hgb
- increased Hct
True or false: Bradycardia is a late sign of cardiac problems. - ✔✔True
Bradycardia indicates longterm hypoxemia, likely due to a cardiac defect. This is a
*warning sign of impending cardiac arrest and/or shock.*
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
and Answers 100% Pass
What are the three anatomic shunts in fetal circulation? - ✔✔- foramen ovale
- ductus arteriosus
- ductus venosus
What/where is the foramen ovale? - ✔✔An opening between the two atria that allows
for the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
What/where is the ductus arteriosus? - ✔✔A ligamentous vessel connecting the
ascending aorta to the pulmonary arteries that allows for the mixing for oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood
Fetal specific cardiovascular structures should close and transition to newborn heart
structure by what time frame? - ✔✔By 24 hours after the baby is born, we expect all
fetal heart structures to close and transition to newborn heart structure.
This is why we wait until the 24 hour mark of life to perform a cardiac screening.
By what age should capillary refill be < 3 seconds? - ✔✔12 months
What are innocent murmurs? - ✔✔Turbulent or inceased blood flow through a heart
with normal anatomy and function
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Requires frequent monitoring to rule of the presence of defects
Will eventually grow out of it
What abnormal signs/symptoms would lead to suspected cardiac pathology? - ✔✔-
failure to thrive, poor weight gain
- cyanosis, pallor
- visualized pulsating neck veins (JVD)
- tachypnea, dyspnea
- irregular pulse rate
- clubbing of fingers
- fatigue during feeding or activity
- excessive perspiration, especially over forehead
What is failure to thrive? - ✔✔Consistently at or below the third percentile for height
and weight
Acyanotic congenital heart defects are caused by one of what two things? -
✔✔Increased pulmonary blood flow
- atrial septal defect
- ventricular septal defect
- patent ductus arteriosus
- atrioventricular canal
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Obstruction to blood flow from ventricles
- coarctation of aorta
- aortic stenosis
- pulmonic stenosis
Cyanotic congenital heart defects are caused by one of what two things? - ✔✔Decreased
pulmonary blood flow
- tetralogy of fallot
- tricuspid atresia
Mixed blood flow
- transposition of great arteries
- total anomalous pulmonary venous return
- truncus arteriosus
- hypoplastic left heart syndrome
True or false: Cyanotic congenital heart diseases/defects are usually more serious than
acyanotic diseases/defects. - ✔✔True
Give an example of a noninvasive and an invasive diagnostic study for congenital heart
defects. - ✔✔Noninvasive: electrocardiogram
Invasive: angiogram
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, True or false: Most cardiac defects require surgical intervention. - ✔✔True
The mixing of blood in a heart that should have normal circulation results in what? -
✔✔While the baby is in the womb, the blood is mixed to promote better oxygenation to
the body, because the baby is not oxygenating its own blood.
Once the baby starts breathing outside the womb, the changes from fetal to newborn
circulation are meant to prevent the mixing of blood as the baby is now oxygenating its
own blood through the lungs.
The mixing of blood in a newborn heart results in desaturated blood and hypoxemia.
What is polycythemia? What lab results indicate polycythemia? - ✔✔Bone marrow
responds to chronic hypoxemia by producing more RBCs to increase the amount of
hemoglobin available for oxygenation
Lab results:
- increased RBCs
- increased Hgb
- increased Hct
True or false: Bradycardia is a late sign of cardiac problems. - ✔✔True
Bradycardia indicates longterm hypoxemia, likely due to a cardiac defect. This is a
*warning sign of impending cardiac arrest and/or shock.*
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
