NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm
exam with correct answers
Pharmacology - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the study of drugs
and their structure, targets of action, mechanisms of action (MOA),
distribution (how the body disburses them throughout the body),
desired physiologic effects (efficacy) and undesirable side effects
(toxicity).
Pharmacokinetics includes the following: - 🔹CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and
elimination).
Pharmacokinetics is... - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔How the
body effects the drug
Absorption - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔absorption from the
administration site either directly or indirectly into the
blood/plasma.
,Distribution - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔reversibly/irreversibly
movement of drug from the bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular fluid.
Metabolism - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔drug biotransformation
via metabolic pathways, primarily the liver, or by other tissues.
Elimination - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔how parent drug & its
metabolites are eliminated from the body
Absorption factors - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔·
Gastrointestinal pH changes
· Gastric emptying
· Gastric/intestinal enzymes
· Bile acids & biliary function
· Gastrointestinal flora (type and quantity of bacteria)
· Food & nutrient interactions (most common interaction
influencing GI drug absorption)
· Lipid solubility of the drug
Distribution factors - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔· Membrane
,permeability: Cross membranes to site of action
· Blood brain barrier reduces the speed of drug passage into and out
of brain tissue
· Plasma protein binding: drugs bound to plasma proteins do not
cross membranes (Note: Malnutrition = âalbumin = á free drug =
greater pharmacologic response)
· Aging cause a reduction in production of plasma proteins
· Lipophilicity of drug: lipophilic drugs concentrate in adipose
tissue; remain in the body for a longer period of time
Volume of distribution - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔· Body
Composition
- Increased Total body water and extracellular fluid
-Decreased Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
· Protein Binding (changes with aging)
-Albumin, bilirubin, a1-acid glycoprotein
-Albumin affected by nutrition
-Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can cause less protein-bound
drug reaching the tissue site of action.
· Tissue Binding
- Compositional changes
, Metabolism factors - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Drugs can
undergo metabolism in the lungs, blood, liver, intestines and
kidney
o Volatile drugs are primarily excreted by the lungs
· The body changes drugs to more or less active forms (metabolites),
increases water solubility to increase elimination.
Phase 1 Metabolism - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔· Cytochrome
P450 system
· Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes.
· Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to the CYP450
system undergoes oxidation or reduction.
· Drug metabolism in the liver is also affected by:
-Enzyme induction
- Drug interactions
CYP450 - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔· CYP: a set of isozymes
primarily found in the liver and GI tract
· Convert lipophilic drugs into more polar (and soluble) molecules
· Considerable genetic variability exists across race and gender
exam with correct answers
Pharmacology - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the study of drugs
and their structure, targets of action, mechanisms of action (MOA),
distribution (how the body disburses them throughout the body),
desired physiologic effects (efficacy) and undesirable side effects
(toxicity).
Pharmacokinetics includes the following: - 🔹CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and
elimination).
Pharmacokinetics is... - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔How the
body effects the drug
Absorption - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔absorption from the
administration site either directly or indirectly into the
blood/plasma.
,Distribution - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔reversibly/irreversibly
movement of drug from the bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular fluid.
Metabolism - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔drug biotransformation
via metabolic pathways, primarily the liver, or by other tissues.
Elimination - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔how parent drug & its
metabolites are eliminated from the body
Absorption factors - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔·
Gastrointestinal pH changes
· Gastric emptying
· Gastric/intestinal enzymes
· Bile acids & biliary function
· Gastrointestinal flora (type and quantity of bacteria)
· Food & nutrient interactions (most common interaction
influencing GI drug absorption)
· Lipid solubility of the drug
Distribution factors - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔· Membrane
,permeability: Cross membranes to site of action
· Blood brain barrier reduces the speed of drug passage into and out
of brain tissue
· Plasma protein binding: drugs bound to plasma proteins do not
cross membranes (Note: Malnutrition = âalbumin = á free drug =
greater pharmacologic response)
· Aging cause a reduction in production of plasma proteins
· Lipophilicity of drug: lipophilic drugs concentrate in adipose
tissue; remain in the body for a longer period of time
Volume of distribution - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔· Body
Composition
- Increased Total body water and extracellular fluid
-Decreased Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
· Protein Binding (changes with aging)
-Albumin, bilirubin, a1-acid glycoprotein
-Albumin affected by nutrition
-Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can cause less protein-bound
drug reaching the tissue site of action.
· Tissue Binding
- Compositional changes
, Metabolism factors - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Drugs can
undergo metabolism in the lungs, blood, liver, intestines and
kidney
o Volatile drugs are primarily excreted by the lungs
· The body changes drugs to more or less active forms (metabolites),
increases water solubility to increase elimination.
Phase 1 Metabolism - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔· Cytochrome
P450 system
· Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes.
· Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to the CYP450
system undergoes oxidation or reduction.
· Drug metabolism in the liver is also affected by:
-Enzyme induction
- Drug interactions
CYP450 - 🔹CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔· CYP: a set of isozymes
primarily found in the liver and GI tract
· Convert lipophilic drugs into more polar (and soluble) molecules
· Considerable genetic variability exists across race and gender
