GeneticsFromGenesToGenomes6thEditionHa
y y y y y y y
rtwellTestBank y y
Hartwell
Chaptery1y Genetics:yTheyStudyyofyBiologicalyInformation
1) HowydoesyDNAystructureyrelateytoyitsyfunction?
- TheyorderyofynucleotidesyinyayDNAystrandyspecifiesytheyorderyofyaminoyacidsyiny
aIprotein.
2) WhatyisyaydifferenceybetweenytheystructureyofyDNAyandyproteins?
- DNAyisycomposedyofynucleotidesyandyproteinsyareycomposedyofyaminoyacids.
3) Aygenomeycanybeybestydescribedyas
- theyDNAyinyallychromosomesyinyaycell.
4) WhatyisytheydifferenceybetweenytheyfunctionyofyDNAyandytheyfunctionyofyproteins?
- DNAystoresygeneticyinformationyandyproteinsyperformymostycellularyfunctions.
5) Whichystatementysupportsytheytheoryythatyallyorganismsyareyrelated?
- Theygeneticycodeyisyalmostyuniversal.
6) Newygenesyareythoughtytoyariseybyywhichymechanism?
- Geneyduplicationyfollowedybyydivergenceydueytoymutation.
7) Whatyisytheymostylikelyywayyaymutationyinyoneygeneycanyconvertyoneybodyypartytoy
another?
- Theymutatedygeneyencodesyayproteinythatyaffectsytheyexpressionyofymanyyother
genes.
8) Ayrecentytechnicalyadvancementythatyhasyacceleratedytheystudyyofygenomesyisythey
abilityto
- sequenceylargeycomplexygenomesyrapidlyyandyinexpensively.
9) Whatyisytheydifferenceybetweenygeneticydissectionyandygenomeysequencing?
- Geneticydissectionyrevealsyinformationyaboutyoneygeneyatyaytimeyandygen
omesequencingyrevealsyinformationyaboutyallytheygenesyinyaygenomeyatyonce.
10) Currently,ywhatyinformationycanybeyobtainedyfromysequencingyanyindividual'sygenome?
- Informationyaboutygeneyvariantsythatypredisposeyaypersonytoyaydisease,ysuchy
asIcancer.
11) Whichyisynotyaypotentialyproblemyofyallowingytheygenomicysequencesyofyindividualsy
tobecomeywidelyyavailable?
- Advancesyleadingytoyhealthierylivesyforysomeypeople.
,12) OneystrandyofyDNAyhasytheysequencey5′yGGTCTAy3′.yWhatyisytheysequenceyofytheyotherI
strand?
- 5′yTAGACCy3′
13) WhichystatementyisytrueyaboutytheystructureyofyDNA?
- TheytwoystrandsyofyayDNAymoleculeyareyheldytogetherybyybaseypairing.
14) Theysizeyofytheymousey(M.ymusculus)ygenomeyisy2700ymegabasesy(Mb)y andy itycontain
syabouty25,000ygenesyarrangedyony40ychromosomes.yIfytheygenesyareyevenlyydistributedyo
nychromosomesyinytheymouse,ywhatyisytheyaverageynumberyofygenesyperychromosome?
-y625
15) Whichystatementyaboutytheystructureyofyproteinsyisyfalse?
- Mostyproteinsyconsistyofytwoyaminoyacidypolymersyattachedytogetherybyyhydrogeny
bonding.
16) WhichyisyaystructuralyfeatureysharedybyyDNA,yRNA,yandyproteins?
- Theyorderyofymonomersyisyimportantyforyfunction.
17) AysegmentyofyayproteinyhasytheyaminoyacidysequenceySer—Gly—
Leu.yIsyitypossibleytoinferytheysequenceyofytheyRNAythatyencodesythisyaminoyacidysequenc
e?
No;ymoreythanyoneytypeyofyRNAy(moreythanyoneybaseysequence)ycouldyencodeythisyam
inoacidysequence.
,18) AysequenceyofybasesyinytheymiddleyofyanyRNAyusedytoyencodeyaypolypeptideyhasytheyseq
uenceyUUA—AUG—
CGU.yIsyitypossibleytoyinferytheysequenceyofytheyaminoyacidsyencodedybyythisyRNA?
- Yes,ytheysequenceyisyLeu—Met—Arg.
19) Mutationyofyaymouseygeneyresultsyinymiceythatylackyheartymuscle.yWhatycharacteristicy
wouldyyouyexpectytoyfindyinyayhumanygeneythatyhasyaycommonyoriginywithythisymouseygen
e?
- Theyhumanyandymouseygenesywillyspecifyyproteinsywithysimilaryaminoy
acidsequences.
20) Aymouseygeneywasyidentifiedyandydeterminedytoybeyrequiredyforyformationyofyhearty
muscle.yAygeneywithyaysimilarysequenceywasyidentifiedyinytheyhumanygenome.yWhatyexp
erimentycouldyscientistsydoytoydetermineyifytheymouseyandyhumanygenesyhaveysimilarfu
nctions?
- Theyscientistycouldyplaceytheynormalyhumanygeneyintoymutantymiceytoyseeyify
heartmuscleyformsyinytheymouse.
, 21)AysequenceyofyaminoyacidsyfoundyinyaysubunityofytheyATPysynthaseyenzymeyinyseveralys
peciesyisyshownybelow.yWhichyaminoyacidsyareylikelyytoybeymostyimportantytoytheyfunctionyo
fyATPysynthase?
- Thoseythatyareyshadedydarkyblueybecauseytheyaminoyacidsyareyidenticalybetweeny
species.
22) Theyfunctionyofyaysingleyfruityflyygeneywasyinactivatedycompletelyybyymutation.yAyfruityfly
withythisymutationydidynotyhaveylegs.yWhichyisyayreasonableyconclusionytoymakeybasedyonythi
syinformation?
- Theynormalygeneyfunctionyisyrequiredyforylegyformationyinyfruityflies.
23) Galactosemiayisyaymetabolicydisorderycharacterizedybyytheyinabilityytoymetabolizeyt
hesugarygalactose.yPeopleywithygalactosemiaysufferyfromyliver,ykidney,yandybrainydama
geyamongyotherysymptoms.yAygeneymutationyunderlyingygalactosemiaywasyidentifiedyb
yysequencingytheygenomeyofyaypersonywithygalactosemia.yWhatyadditionalyevidenceywo
uldysupportytheyhypothesisythatytheymutationyinytheycandidateygeneycausesytheydisease?
- Sequencingytheygenomesyfromyunrelatedypeopleywithygalactosemiayandydiscoveringy
thatytheyyalsoyhaveymutationsyinytheycandidateygene.
Brooker
Chaptery1y OverviewyofyGenetics
1) Theybasicyunityofyheredityyisythe .
- gene
2) Ayvariationyofyaygeneyisycalledya(n) .
- allele
3) Whichyofytheyfollowingyactsytoyaccelerateychemicalyreactionsyinyaycell?
- Enzymes
y y y y y y y
rtwellTestBank y y
Hartwell
Chaptery1y Genetics:yTheyStudyyofyBiologicalyInformation
1) HowydoesyDNAystructureyrelateytoyitsyfunction?
- TheyorderyofynucleotidesyinyayDNAystrandyspecifiesytheyorderyofyaminoyacidsyiny
aIprotein.
2) WhatyisyaydifferenceybetweenytheystructureyofyDNAyandyproteins?
- DNAyisycomposedyofynucleotidesyandyproteinsyareycomposedyofyaminoyacids.
3) Aygenomeycanybeybestydescribedyas
- theyDNAyinyallychromosomesyinyaycell.
4) WhatyisytheydifferenceybetweenytheyfunctionyofyDNAyandytheyfunctionyofyproteins?
- DNAystoresygeneticyinformationyandyproteinsyperformymostycellularyfunctions.
5) Whichystatementysupportsytheytheoryythatyallyorganismsyareyrelated?
- Theygeneticycodeyisyalmostyuniversal.
6) Newygenesyareythoughtytoyariseybyywhichymechanism?
- Geneyduplicationyfollowedybyydivergenceydueytoymutation.
7) Whatyisytheymostylikelyywayyaymutationyinyoneygeneycanyconvertyoneybodyypartytoy
another?
- Theymutatedygeneyencodesyayproteinythatyaffectsytheyexpressionyofymanyyother
genes.
8) Ayrecentytechnicalyadvancementythatyhasyacceleratedytheystudyyofygenomesyisythey
abilityto
- sequenceylargeycomplexygenomesyrapidlyyandyinexpensively.
9) Whatyisytheydifferenceybetweenygeneticydissectionyandygenomeysequencing?
- Geneticydissectionyrevealsyinformationyaboutyoneygeneyatyaytimeyandygen
omesequencingyrevealsyinformationyaboutyallytheygenesyinyaygenomeyatyonce.
10) Currently,ywhatyinformationycanybeyobtainedyfromysequencingyanyindividual'sygenome?
- Informationyaboutygeneyvariantsythatypredisposeyaypersonytoyaydisease,ysuchy
asIcancer.
11) Whichyisynotyaypotentialyproblemyofyallowingytheygenomicysequencesyofyindividualsy
tobecomeywidelyyavailable?
- Advancesyleadingytoyhealthierylivesyforysomeypeople.
,12) OneystrandyofyDNAyhasytheysequencey5′yGGTCTAy3′.yWhatyisytheysequenceyofytheyotherI
strand?
- 5′yTAGACCy3′
13) WhichystatementyisytrueyaboutytheystructureyofyDNA?
- TheytwoystrandsyofyayDNAymoleculeyareyheldytogetherybyybaseypairing.
14) Theysizeyofytheymousey(M.ymusculus)ygenomeyisy2700ymegabasesy(Mb)y andy itycontain
syabouty25,000ygenesyarrangedyony40ychromosomes.yIfytheygenesyareyevenlyydistributedyo
nychromosomesyinytheymouse,ywhatyisytheyaverageynumberyofygenesyperychromosome?
-y625
15) Whichystatementyaboutytheystructureyofyproteinsyisyfalse?
- Mostyproteinsyconsistyofytwoyaminoyacidypolymersyattachedytogetherybyyhydrogeny
bonding.
16) WhichyisyaystructuralyfeatureysharedybyyDNA,yRNA,yandyproteins?
- Theyorderyofymonomersyisyimportantyforyfunction.
17) AysegmentyofyayproteinyhasytheyaminoyacidysequenceySer—Gly—
Leu.yIsyitypossibleytoinferytheysequenceyofytheyRNAythatyencodesythisyaminoyacidysequenc
e?
No;ymoreythanyoneytypeyofyRNAy(moreythanyoneybaseysequence)ycouldyencodeythisyam
inoacidysequence.
,18) AysequenceyofybasesyinytheymiddleyofyanyRNAyusedytoyencodeyaypolypeptideyhasytheyseq
uenceyUUA—AUG—
CGU.yIsyitypossibleytoyinferytheysequenceyofytheyaminoyacidsyencodedybyythisyRNA?
- Yes,ytheysequenceyisyLeu—Met—Arg.
19) Mutationyofyaymouseygeneyresultsyinymiceythatylackyheartymuscle.yWhatycharacteristicy
wouldyyouyexpectytoyfindyinyayhumanygeneythatyhasyaycommonyoriginywithythisymouseygen
e?
- Theyhumanyandymouseygenesywillyspecifyyproteinsywithysimilaryaminoy
acidsequences.
20) Aymouseygeneywasyidentifiedyandydeterminedytoybeyrequiredyforyformationyofyhearty
muscle.yAygeneywithyaysimilarysequenceywasyidentifiedyinytheyhumanygenome.yWhatyexp
erimentycouldyscientistsydoytoydetermineyifytheymouseyandyhumanygenesyhaveysimilarfu
nctions?
- Theyscientistycouldyplaceytheynormalyhumanygeneyintoymutantymiceytoyseeyify
heartmuscleyformsyinytheymouse.
, 21)AysequenceyofyaminoyacidsyfoundyinyaysubunityofytheyATPysynthaseyenzymeyinyseveralys
peciesyisyshownybelow.yWhichyaminoyacidsyareylikelyytoybeymostyimportantytoytheyfunctionyo
fyATPysynthase?
- Thoseythatyareyshadedydarkyblueybecauseytheyaminoyacidsyareyidenticalybetweeny
species.
22) Theyfunctionyofyaysingleyfruityflyygeneywasyinactivatedycompletelyybyymutation.yAyfruityfly
withythisymutationydidynotyhaveylegs.yWhichyisyayreasonableyconclusionytoymakeybasedyonythi
syinformation?
- Theynormalygeneyfunctionyisyrequiredyforylegyformationyinyfruityflies.
23) Galactosemiayisyaymetabolicydisorderycharacterizedybyytheyinabilityytoymetabolizeyt
hesugarygalactose.yPeopleywithygalactosemiaysufferyfromyliver,ykidney,yandybrainydama
geyamongyotherysymptoms.yAygeneymutationyunderlyingygalactosemiaywasyidentifiedyb
yysequencingytheygenomeyofyaypersonywithygalactosemia.yWhatyadditionalyevidenceywo
uldysupportytheyhypothesisythatytheymutationyinytheycandidateygeneycausesytheydisease?
- Sequencingytheygenomesyfromyunrelatedypeopleywithygalactosemiayandydiscoveringy
thatytheyyalsoyhaveymutationsyinytheycandidateygene.
Brooker
Chaptery1y OverviewyofyGenetics
1) Theybasicyunityofyheredityyisythe .
- gene
2) Ayvariationyofyaygeneyisycalledya(n) .
- allele
3) Whichyofytheyfollowingyactsytoyaccelerateychemicalyreactionsyinyaycell?
- Enzymes
