Psych 382 - Exam #2 QUESTIONS WITH
100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS!!
What is the difference between first-hand and second-hand information? Does both or
just one type of information lead to biased judgment? Answer Firsthand info: info
based on personal experience/observation
-minimal info: we have very little 1st-hand info but make judgments anyway
-unrepresentative info: sometimes personal experiences are unrepresentative
-availability of information: created 3 biases (pluralistic ignorance, false consensus
effect, false uniqueness effect)
Secondhand info: info that comes 4rm other sources, like gossip, news accounts,
magazines (can lead to extreme judgments)
- Yes, it leads to biased judgment
What is pluralisitic ignorance and how does it affect what people think or do? (Hint: I'd
give you probably all know the answer, because no one asked for more info during
lecture). Answer Can create norm that doesn't exist.
Misperception of a group norm when people act at odds w/their true preferences
because they feel social consequences
individual motivations not 2 deviate 4rm group nors (don't want to look stupid)
we're behaving the same but we all have a reason for it
NOT ASKING ?S IN CLASS, popularity of drinking in colleges
What are false uniqueness and false consensus effects? Answer False uniqueness-
*way of self enhancing in order 2 feel special
-ppl tend 2 underestimate the proportion of others who share their desireable attributes
& behaviors. Ex: ppl believe others would experience less discomfort than they would
False consensus- *in order to feel normative
-ppl tend to believe that the consensus opinion/typical behavior matches their own.
Ex:participants believed others would choose same alternative they did
Both together- ppl to underestimate the proportion of peers who share their desireable
attributes & behaviors & to overestimate the proportion who share their undesireable
attributes
How do the three effects differ? What do they have in common? Answer All 3 can
occur!
Ppl tend to believe that the ability that they are best at isnt shared by many
same ppl believe that the opinion that is the most important to them is commonly held
What are flashbulb memories and are they more accurate than other memories? (Hint:
where were you on 9-11? Are you sure?) Answer extremely vivid, long-lasting,
detailed memories for unexpected, emotionally laden, & consequential events
, not accurate, frequent errors
What is meant by sharpening and leveling and is social judgment affected by these
processes due to second-hand info, ideology, and the media (hint: the full story isn't
always the full story)? Answer *leave info out, and exaggerate
when telling stories, more important & interesting elements get emphasized, & less
important get de-emphasized/eliminated
*secondhand impressions may be more extreme because they're based on "sharpened"
descriptions
- ex: bath salt causes canibalism
What are the three types of framing effects and how can they each affect judgment?
Answer Sharpening & leveling-*leave info out, and exaggerate
order effects- primacy & recency effect,items presented 1st influence construal of later
items, (cognitive limitations- we can't observe too much info, easier to pay attention to
first & last items) *may not remember items inconsistent w/initial expectations
spin framing- framing info to be seen as favorable or unfavorable ex:terrorist vs.
freedom fighter, victim vs. casualty
What are recency and primacy effects and why might they occur? Answer Primacy:
when info presented first in a list has disproportionate influence on subsequent
judgment.
Recency: when info presented last in a list has disproportionate influence on
subsequent influence on subsequent judgment.
they may occur because: may not remember items inconsistent with initial expectations
What is spin framing and what are some examples? Answer framing info to be seen
as favorable or unfavorable.
Ex. inheritance tax vs. death tax, victim vs. casualty
How can positive and negative framing lead to different judgments of the same
situation? Answer Asymmetries between positive and negative information
- Negative information draws more attention than positive information
- Information framed in negative ways will elicit stronger responses
-- In decision making, a loss is more aversive than a missed opportunity
- Demonstration
What is the confirmation bias and how does it affect judgment (Hint: democrats can give
many examples of Sarah Palin's blunders and republicans can give many examples of
Sarah Palin's successes). Answer Def: tendency to test an idea by searching for
evidence that would support it.
affects judgement: can lead to false beliefs because ppl may fail to attend to
disconfirming info
100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS!!
What is the difference between first-hand and second-hand information? Does both or
just one type of information lead to biased judgment? Answer Firsthand info: info
based on personal experience/observation
-minimal info: we have very little 1st-hand info but make judgments anyway
-unrepresentative info: sometimes personal experiences are unrepresentative
-availability of information: created 3 biases (pluralistic ignorance, false consensus
effect, false uniqueness effect)
Secondhand info: info that comes 4rm other sources, like gossip, news accounts,
magazines (can lead to extreme judgments)
- Yes, it leads to biased judgment
What is pluralisitic ignorance and how does it affect what people think or do? (Hint: I'd
give you probably all know the answer, because no one asked for more info during
lecture). Answer Can create norm that doesn't exist.
Misperception of a group norm when people act at odds w/their true preferences
because they feel social consequences
individual motivations not 2 deviate 4rm group nors (don't want to look stupid)
we're behaving the same but we all have a reason for it
NOT ASKING ?S IN CLASS, popularity of drinking in colleges
What are false uniqueness and false consensus effects? Answer False uniqueness-
*way of self enhancing in order 2 feel special
-ppl tend 2 underestimate the proportion of others who share their desireable attributes
& behaviors. Ex: ppl believe others would experience less discomfort than they would
False consensus- *in order to feel normative
-ppl tend to believe that the consensus opinion/typical behavior matches their own.
Ex:participants believed others would choose same alternative they did
Both together- ppl to underestimate the proportion of peers who share their desireable
attributes & behaviors & to overestimate the proportion who share their undesireable
attributes
How do the three effects differ? What do they have in common? Answer All 3 can
occur!
Ppl tend to believe that the ability that they are best at isnt shared by many
same ppl believe that the opinion that is the most important to them is commonly held
What are flashbulb memories and are they more accurate than other memories? (Hint:
where were you on 9-11? Are you sure?) Answer extremely vivid, long-lasting,
detailed memories for unexpected, emotionally laden, & consequential events
, not accurate, frequent errors
What is meant by sharpening and leveling and is social judgment affected by these
processes due to second-hand info, ideology, and the media (hint: the full story isn't
always the full story)? Answer *leave info out, and exaggerate
when telling stories, more important & interesting elements get emphasized, & less
important get de-emphasized/eliminated
*secondhand impressions may be more extreme because they're based on "sharpened"
descriptions
- ex: bath salt causes canibalism
What are the three types of framing effects and how can they each affect judgment?
Answer Sharpening & leveling-*leave info out, and exaggerate
order effects- primacy & recency effect,items presented 1st influence construal of later
items, (cognitive limitations- we can't observe too much info, easier to pay attention to
first & last items) *may not remember items inconsistent w/initial expectations
spin framing- framing info to be seen as favorable or unfavorable ex:terrorist vs.
freedom fighter, victim vs. casualty
What are recency and primacy effects and why might they occur? Answer Primacy:
when info presented first in a list has disproportionate influence on subsequent
judgment.
Recency: when info presented last in a list has disproportionate influence on
subsequent influence on subsequent judgment.
they may occur because: may not remember items inconsistent with initial expectations
What is spin framing and what are some examples? Answer framing info to be seen
as favorable or unfavorable.
Ex. inheritance tax vs. death tax, victim vs. casualty
How can positive and negative framing lead to different judgments of the same
situation? Answer Asymmetries between positive and negative information
- Negative information draws more attention than positive information
- Information framed in negative ways will elicit stronger responses
-- In decision making, a loss is more aversive than a missed opportunity
- Demonstration
What is the confirmation bias and how does it affect judgment (Hint: democrats can give
many examples of Sarah Palin's blunders and republicans can give many examples of
Sarah Palin's successes). Answer Def: tendency to test an idea by searching for
evidence that would support it.
affects judgement: can lead to false beliefs because ppl may fail to attend to
disconfirming info
