OBHR 317 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2024 –
2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
Group Roles
Pertain to the sets of expected behavioral patterns attributes to the group
members as per their position. Membership in different groups may inform
different roles, which implicate different sets of expected behaviors that
individuals need to adhere to
Group roles relevant concepts
1. Role Perception: Individuals understanding of how they are supposed to
behave in a given situation
2. Role Expectations: How others believe an individual should behave in a given
situation
3. Role Conflict: When compliance with one role requirement may hinder
compliance with another
,Group Norms
Refer to the acceptable standards of behaviors that are shared by group members
. Emerge relatively more naturally and influence behaviors with a minimum of
external controls
Common Group Norms
1. Performance norm: the standard of work and the required level of
achievement for group members
2. Appearance norm: the standard of outfit and outlook for group members
3. Social arrangement norm: the expectations of how group members socially
interact with each other
4. Resource allocation norm: the standard of how resources are distributed for
the group
Group Conformity
The act of changing one's behavior to match the consensus of the group
Several key reasons for group conformity
1. Normative conformity: People may be motivated to conform in order to gain
the group membership and sense of acceptance and belongingness
2. Informational conformity: When people are influenced with uncertainty, they
may look out for information and direction from other members, especially those
who they perceive as more knowledgeable and creditable
3. Identification: People may also conform to adhere to the expectations of their
social roles
4. Compliance: People may be under the pressure of conforming to the group
despite internally disagreeing to the behaviors to avoid conflict
5. Internalization: In some situations, people may change their behaviors to math
others if they want to belike those reference others
Status Characteristics Theory
,Status is a major factor that contribute to the formulation of group hierarchy and
implicate behavioral consequences of group members. Groups can be divided into
three main sources: Ascribed Power, Achieved Power, and Valued Power
Perfect Rationality
thinking through all possible outcomes and choosing the best course of action
towards the best possible result
Rational decision making
1. Define the problem
2. Identify the decision criteria
3. Allocate weights to the criteria
4. Develop the alternatives
5. Evaluate the alternatives
6. Select the best alternative
Assumptions of rational decision making process
1. problem clarity
2. Known options
3. Clear preferences
4 Constant preferences
5. No time or cost constraints
6. Maximum payoff
What affects our rationality
1. Humans do not always follow the behaviors of value maximizing practice
2. There are time constraints to decision making
3. Choices can be confusing
4. There are other variables to decision making
5. Rational decision-making can compromise adoption
Barriers to rational decision making
, 1. Bounded rationality
2. "Satisficing" decision making
3. Intuitive decision making
4. Cognitive biases & errors
Bounded Rationality
is the idea that rational behavior in the real world is as much determined by the
"inner environment" of peoples minds, both their memory contents and their
processes, as the "outer environment" of the world on which they act, and which
acts on them
How do we do decision making?
with our capabilities and constraints rather than optimal or value-maximizing
decisions
Satisficing Decision-Making
The decision-making process which uses personal experiences "to construct an
expectation of how good a solution we might reasonably achieve, and halting
search as soon as a solution is reached that meets expectation
Intuitive Decision-Making
a non-conscious decision making process that relies mainly on distilled
experience, holistic associations, or cognitive links between disparate pieces of
information.
Decision
the cognitive process of selecting the best course of action among two or more
available alternatives in order to produce the optimal solution to a specific
problem
primary role of decision making
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2024 –
2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
Group Roles
Pertain to the sets of expected behavioral patterns attributes to the group
members as per their position. Membership in different groups may inform
different roles, which implicate different sets of expected behaviors that
individuals need to adhere to
Group roles relevant concepts
1. Role Perception: Individuals understanding of how they are supposed to
behave in a given situation
2. Role Expectations: How others believe an individual should behave in a given
situation
3. Role Conflict: When compliance with one role requirement may hinder
compliance with another
,Group Norms
Refer to the acceptable standards of behaviors that are shared by group members
. Emerge relatively more naturally and influence behaviors with a minimum of
external controls
Common Group Norms
1. Performance norm: the standard of work and the required level of
achievement for group members
2. Appearance norm: the standard of outfit and outlook for group members
3. Social arrangement norm: the expectations of how group members socially
interact with each other
4. Resource allocation norm: the standard of how resources are distributed for
the group
Group Conformity
The act of changing one's behavior to match the consensus of the group
Several key reasons for group conformity
1. Normative conformity: People may be motivated to conform in order to gain
the group membership and sense of acceptance and belongingness
2. Informational conformity: When people are influenced with uncertainty, they
may look out for information and direction from other members, especially those
who they perceive as more knowledgeable and creditable
3. Identification: People may also conform to adhere to the expectations of their
social roles
4. Compliance: People may be under the pressure of conforming to the group
despite internally disagreeing to the behaviors to avoid conflict
5. Internalization: In some situations, people may change their behaviors to math
others if they want to belike those reference others
Status Characteristics Theory
,Status is a major factor that contribute to the formulation of group hierarchy and
implicate behavioral consequences of group members. Groups can be divided into
three main sources: Ascribed Power, Achieved Power, and Valued Power
Perfect Rationality
thinking through all possible outcomes and choosing the best course of action
towards the best possible result
Rational decision making
1. Define the problem
2. Identify the decision criteria
3. Allocate weights to the criteria
4. Develop the alternatives
5. Evaluate the alternatives
6. Select the best alternative
Assumptions of rational decision making process
1. problem clarity
2. Known options
3. Clear preferences
4 Constant preferences
5. No time or cost constraints
6. Maximum payoff
What affects our rationality
1. Humans do not always follow the behaviors of value maximizing practice
2. There are time constraints to decision making
3. Choices can be confusing
4. There are other variables to decision making
5. Rational decision-making can compromise adoption
Barriers to rational decision making
, 1. Bounded rationality
2. "Satisficing" decision making
3. Intuitive decision making
4. Cognitive biases & errors
Bounded Rationality
is the idea that rational behavior in the real world is as much determined by the
"inner environment" of peoples minds, both their memory contents and their
processes, as the "outer environment" of the world on which they act, and which
acts on them
How do we do decision making?
with our capabilities and constraints rather than optimal or value-maximizing
decisions
Satisficing Decision-Making
The decision-making process which uses personal experiences "to construct an
expectation of how good a solution we might reasonably achieve, and halting
search as soon as a solution is reached that meets expectation
Intuitive Decision-Making
a non-conscious decision making process that relies mainly on distilled
experience, holistic associations, or cognitive links between disparate pieces of
information.
Decision
the cognitive process of selecting the best course of action among two or more
available alternatives in order to produce the optimal solution to a specific
problem
primary role of decision making
