Lecture1 Phylogenetics Review Virology
1 SEQ processofevolution bynaturalselection lectures1920
Binomial Nomenclature science ofdescribing naming andclassifying organisms
Mechanismsof Evolution
1 Naturalselectionchangesgenefrequencies increaseadaptation
A
directional
A
disruptive
A
stabalizing
selection selection selection
mulgations
flow 4Gene flow movementofallelesbetween 2 ormorepopulations
mfyhfqfhh.pei
natefaction tendsto Dre
differences betweenpopovertime
nogeneflow isolated populations diff accumulate
3 Mutations changes in thesequence ofDNA
heritable
popofwhitebrownbunnies sourceof genetic variation
environmenthitw
snowfall new genes allelescanarise
hunterscanseebrown NTwhite IFKENTA doesnotalterfunction
bunnies
whitebunniesare 4 NonRandom Mating
morefavorable Iodommating matechoice hasnothing to do w genotype
Dcommating somechoicepreference closer
whitebunniessurvive reproduce matingw something toyou
example ofdirectional Eggggusmating
selection
brownfurpopulationslowly 5 GeneticDrift randomevolutionary changes in aImambreeding population
s alleles arelost
swhitefurwas randomevents candrive whosurvives breeds
naturallyselected small population
BottleneckEffect manyindividualsdie fewsurvivors
limits ofalleles in
eachgeneration
Founder Effect afewindividuals becomeisolated fromlargepop
they establishnew home
fewcolonists limits ofallelesin eachgeneration
, 2 Interpret a Phylogeny
Monophyletic ancestor andall itsdestendants one
Polyphyletic excludes real ancestor
tm.pe
ge
Paraphyletic includes commonancestor butnotall descendants
Polyphyletic
excludesmostrecentancestor 3s its most in stated
otherwise
3
gets 19Th sister2 taxathat share a most
taxa recentcommon ancestor
9 polytomy morethan 2 taxadiverge fromsingle
ÉÉ 98 1 55
ancestor cannot concludethey'resisters
oppositeofextinct
8 198
Paraphyletic
includesomebutnotall descendants
iiiiiiiiii.LT
, 3 SEQ General Viral Life Cycle
General Characteristics
Viruses geneticmaterialsurrounded
nonliving by proteins
nocells onlygenetic material protein
Metabolism requires acell Capsid protein coat that surrounds
Replication requires acell DNARNA madeofcameres
Obligate IntercellularParasites viruses are not alive
Emandatory some viruses haveenvelopes ontopof
very small s 20 300nm proteins
Genetic Material variesbytype size shape comesfromhost
DNA or RNA buthide viruses
2 typesof Phages
a antigen nucleicacid RNA
DNA
1 Virulent Phage killshostatendofcycle To
Let
only or
capsid s
2 Temperant Phage either LYTIC or LYSOGENIC tycle
ex lamda envelope
temperate virus hiding using lysogenic cycle MAI activate
thenstart Ntic
Viral Replication
Host speciesthatisinfected
ktfmmme
virus
mthsmmer
virus
nstEmmer
nucleus nucleus nucleus virus
proteins
1 virusattaches 2 VirusEnters 3 virustakesover the
DNARNAreplicationcycle
to producemoreviralproteins
mthmmer
virus
mktthmm.me
virus
nucleus nucleus
whiteness wsishhm.no
Time
4 assemblesmoveviruses methane
becausethere aremore
proteins 5 virusesgetreleased
, 4 CC lytic Lysogenic Cycle phages only
Lytic vile Lysogenic Cycle
killshost attheendofthecycle Virus DNA hidesin host for manycycles as a prophase
temperant virulentphage
thereis no assembly orreleaseofthevirus
Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle
Kills Host X
iral orTemperant both Temperant
Assembly
Release X
1 SEQ processofevolution bynaturalselection lectures1920
Binomial Nomenclature science ofdescribing naming andclassifying organisms
Mechanismsof Evolution
1 Naturalselectionchangesgenefrequencies increaseadaptation
A
directional
A
disruptive
A
stabalizing
selection selection selection
mulgations
flow 4Gene flow movementofallelesbetween 2 ormorepopulations
mfyhfqfhh.pei
natefaction tendsto Dre
differences betweenpopovertime
nogeneflow isolated populations diff accumulate
3 Mutations changes in thesequence ofDNA
heritable
popofwhitebrownbunnies sourceof genetic variation
environmenthitw
snowfall new genes allelescanarise
hunterscanseebrown NTwhite IFKENTA doesnotalterfunction
bunnies
whitebunniesare 4 NonRandom Mating
morefavorable Iodommating matechoice hasnothing to do w genotype
Dcommating somechoicepreference closer
whitebunniessurvive reproduce matingw something toyou
example ofdirectional Eggggusmating
selection
brownfurpopulationslowly 5 GeneticDrift randomevolutionary changes in aImambreeding population
s alleles arelost
swhitefurwas randomevents candrive whosurvives breeds
naturallyselected small population
BottleneckEffect manyindividualsdie fewsurvivors
limits ofalleles in
eachgeneration
Founder Effect afewindividuals becomeisolated fromlargepop
they establishnew home
fewcolonists limits ofallelesin eachgeneration
, 2 Interpret a Phylogeny
Monophyletic ancestor andall itsdestendants one
Polyphyletic excludes real ancestor
tm.pe
ge
Paraphyletic includes commonancestor butnotall descendants
Polyphyletic
excludesmostrecentancestor 3s its most in stated
otherwise
3
gets 19Th sister2 taxathat share a most
taxa recentcommon ancestor
9 polytomy morethan 2 taxadiverge fromsingle
ÉÉ 98 1 55
ancestor cannot concludethey'resisters
oppositeofextinct
8 198
Paraphyletic
includesomebutnotall descendants
iiiiiiiiii.LT
, 3 SEQ General Viral Life Cycle
General Characteristics
Viruses geneticmaterialsurrounded
nonliving by proteins
nocells onlygenetic material protein
Metabolism requires acell Capsid protein coat that surrounds
Replication requires acell DNARNA madeofcameres
Obligate IntercellularParasites viruses are not alive
Emandatory some viruses haveenvelopes ontopof
very small s 20 300nm proteins
Genetic Material variesbytype size shape comesfromhost
DNA or RNA buthide viruses
2 typesof Phages
a antigen nucleicacid RNA
DNA
1 Virulent Phage killshostatendofcycle To
Let
only or
capsid s
2 Temperant Phage either LYTIC or LYSOGENIC tycle
ex lamda envelope
temperate virus hiding using lysogenic cycle MAI activate
thenstart Ntic
Viral Replication
Host speciesthatisinfected
ktfmmme
virus
mthsmmer
virus
nstEmmer
nucleus nucleus nucleus virus
proteins
1 virusattaches 2 VirusEnters 3 virustakesover the
DNARNAreplicationcycle
to producemoreviralproteins
mthmmer
virus
mktthmm.me
virus
nucleus nucleus
whiteness wsishhm.no
Time
4 assemblesmoveviruses methane
becausethere aremore
proteins 5 virusesgetreleased
, 4 CC lytic Lysogenic Cycle phages only
Lytic vile Lysogenic Cycle
killshost attheendofthecycle Virus DNA hidesin host for manycycles as a prophase
temperant virulentphage
thereis no assembly orreleaseofthevirus
Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle
Kills Host X
iral orTemperant both Temperant
Assembly
Release X
