4/27/25, 9:54 Bio 242 cumulative exam study guide Study |
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Bio 242 cumulative exam
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Ecology Concepts and Interactions
Interspecific Interactions
• Predation: Interaction where one organism (predator) kills and eats another (prey).
Example: Lions hunting zebras.
• Herbivory: Consumption of plant material by animals. Example: Cows grazing on
grass.
• Competition: Occurs when two species vie for the same resources, leading to
a potential decrease in population for one or both. Example: Two bird
species
competing for nesting sites.
• Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship where both species benefit. Example: Bees
pollinating flowers while feeding on nectar.
• Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of another. Example: Ticks
1/
50
,4/27/25, 9:54 Bio 242 cumulative exam study guide Study |
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feeding on the blood of mammals.
• Commensalism: One species benefits while the other is neither helped
nor harmed. Example: Barnacles attaching to whales.
Species Selection Strategies
• K-selected species: Species that produce fewer offspring but invest
more resources in their upbringing. Example: Elephants.
• r-selected species: Species that produce many offspring with little parental
care. Example: Dandelions.
• Differences: K-selected species tend to thrive in stable environments, while
r- selected species are adapted to rapidly changing environments.
Want
Extinction Vortex to see your own notes transformed? Give it a go
2/
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,4/27/25, 9:54
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• Definition: A downward spiral in which a small population becomes increasingly
vulnerable to extinction due to genetic, demographic, and environmental
factors.
• Possible Results: Loss of genetic diversity, increased inbreeding, reduced
adaptability to environmental changes, and ultimately extinction.
Density Factors
• Density-dependent factors: Factors whose effects on the population vary with
population density. Example: Disease spread, competition for resources.
• Density-independent factors: Factors that affect populations regardless of their
density. Example: Natural disasters, climate changes.
• Differences: Density-dependent factors are often biotic, while density-
independent factors are typically abiotic.
Environmental Science and Biodiversity
(herbivory), and tapeworms living in the intestines of mammals (parasitism).
Determining Species Diversity
Methods: Species diversity can be measured using indices such as the Shannon•
index or Simpson's diversity index, which take into account both species
richness
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Greenhouse Effect
• Definition: The process by which certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat,
preventing it from escaping into space.
• Contribution to Warming: Increased levels of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases from human activities enhance this effect, leading to global
warming.
Invasive vs Endemic Species
• Invasive species: Non-native species that spread widely and cause harm to the
environment, economy, or human health. Example: Zebra mussels in North
America.
• Endemic species: Species that are native to and found only within a specific
geographic area. Example: The Galápagos tortoise.
Exploitative Interactions
(herbivory), and tapeworms living in the intestines of mammals (parasitism).
• Definition:
Determining Interactions
Species where one species benefits at the expense of
Diversity
Methods: Species diversity can be measured using indices such as the Shannon•
index or Simpson's diversity index, which take into account both species
richness
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AM
Bio 242 cumulative exam
Save Share
study guide
Ecology Concepts and Interactions
Interspecific Interactions
• Predation: Interaction where one organism (predator) kills and eats another (prey).
Example: Lions hunting zebras.
• Herbivory: Consumption of plant material by animals. Example: Cows grazing on
grass.
• Competition: Occurs when two species vie for the same resources, leading to
a potential decrease in population for one or both. Example: Two bird
species
competing for nesting sites.
• Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship where both species benefit. Example: Bees
pollinating flowers while feeding on nectar.
• Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of another. Example: Ticks
1/
50
,4/27/25, 9:54 Bio 242 cumulative exam study guide Study |
AM
feeding on the blood of mammals.
• Commensalism: One species benefits while the other is neither helped
nor harmed. Example: Barnacles attaching to whales.
Species Selection Strategies
• K-selected species: Species that produce fewer offspring but invest
more resources in their upbringing. Example: Elephants.
• r-selected species: Species that produce many offspring with little parental
care. Example: Dandelions.
• Differences: K-selected species tend to thrive in stable environments, while
r- selected species are adapted to rapidly changing environments.
Want
Extinction Vortex to see your own notes transformed? Give it a go
2/
50
,4/27/25, 9:54
AM
• Definition: A downward spiral in which a small population becomes increasingly
vulnerable to extinction due to genetic, demographic, and environmental
factors.
• Possible Results: Loss of genetic diversity, increased inbreeding, reduced
adaptability to environmental changes, and ultimately extinction.
Density Factors
• Density-dependent factors: Factors whose effects on the population vary with
population density. Example: Disease spread, competition for resources.
• Density-independent factors: Factors that affect populations regardless of their
density. Example: Natural disasters, climate changes.
• Differences: Density-dependent factors are often biotic, while density-
independent factors are typically abiotic.
Environmental Science and Biodiversity
(herbivory), and tapeworms living in the intestines of mammals (parasitism).
Determining Species Diversity
Methods: Species diversity can be measured using indices such as the Shannon•
index or Simpson's diversity index, which take into account both species
richness
https://quizlet.com/study-guides/bio-242-cumulative-exam-study-guide-f26afe68-8ee7-4b7b-a23b- 3/
bddd42c27ed7 50
, 4/27/25, 9:54
AM
Greenhouse Effect
• Definition: The process by which certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat,
preventing it from escaping into space.
• Contribution to Warming: Increased levels of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases from human activities enhance this effect, leading to global
warming.
Invasive vs Endemic Species
• Invasive species: Non-native species that spread widely and cause harm to the
environment, economy, or human health. Example: Zebra mussels in North
America.
• Endemic species: Species that are native to and found only within a specific
geographic area. Example: The Galápagos tortoise.
Exploitative Interactions
(herbivory), and tapeworms living in the intestines of mammals (parasitism).
• Definition:
Determining Interactions
Species where one species benefits at the expense of
Diversity
Methods: Species diversity can be measured using indices such as the Shannon•
index or Simpson's diversity index, which take into account both species
richness
https://quizlet.com/study-guides/bio-242-cumulative-exam-study-guide-f26afe68-8ee7-4b7b-a23b- 4/
bddd42c27ed7 50
