4/27/25, 11:22
AM
BIO 224 – ICHTHYOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
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Save
Terms in this set (362)
The number of extant 35,400
fish species
Epipelagic surface to 200m
Mesopelagic 200m to 1,000m
Bathypelagic 1,000m to 4,000m
Abyssopelagic 4,000m to 6,000m
Hadal Below 6,000m
Average depth of over 4km
ocean floor
Tri-methylamine N-oxide stabilises proteins
(TMAO) concentration increases in fish tissues with increasing
depth
Order lampreys
Petromyzontiformes
Order Myxiniformes hagfish
Anadromy born in freshwater, migrate to ocean, return to
freshwater to spawn
Catadromy born in the ocean, migrate to freshwater, and return
to the ocean to spawn.
Hagfish blood isotonic to seawater
Premandibular arch lost through evolution
Mandibular arch becomes biting jaws
Mandibular arch upper palatoquadrate cartilage
portion
Mandibular arch lower Meckel's (or mandibular) cartilage
portion
Pharyngeal clefts remain as gill slits
Hyoid arch suspends hyomandibular arch from cranium
1/
7
, 4/27/25, 11:22
AM
Hyoid arch upper part palato-quadrate
Hyoid arch lower part ceratohyal
1st gill slit becomes Spiracle in sharks
Support from autostyles and
Amphistyly hyomandibulararch Acanthodii
and Placodermi
Primitive condition, all from fossil record
Holostyly/Autostyly Palato-quadrate
fused to skull
Dipnoans,
chimaeras,tetrapo
ds
Support from
Hyostyly Hyomandibular arch
alone Most modern
elasmobranchs
Modified form in bony fish
extant elasmobranch 1,279
spp.
extant holocephali spp. 55
CARCHARINHINIFORM cat sharks, hammerhead sharks, requiem sharks
ES
LAMNIFORMES Mackerel sharks (threshers, makos, basking, tigers,
white)
MYLIOBATIFORMES Sting rays, devil rays
RAJIFORMES skates and rays
Class Sarcopterygii lobe-finned fishes
Actinistia coelacanths
Dipnomorpha lungfish
Actinopterygii ray-finned fishes (33, 920 extant spp.)
Subclass Chondrostei sturgeons and paddlefishes
Infraclass Holostei gars and bowfins
Infraclass Teleostei 96% of all living fish (bony fish)
Lower teleost fin rays soft
Higher teleost fin rays may have spiny fin rays
Lower teleost dorsal fin 1 dorsal fin (maybe adipose)
Higher teleost dorsal fin 1 or more dorsal fins
Lower teleost pectoral low (fin base horizontal)
fins
Higher teleost pectoral high (fin base angled towards vertical)
fins
2/
7
AM
BIO 224 – ICHTHYOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Leave the first rating
Save
Terms in this set (362)
The number of extant 35,400
fish species
Epipelagic surface to 200m
Mesopelagic 200m to 1,000m
Bathypelagic 1,000m to 4,000m
Abyssopelagic 4,000m to 6,000m
Hadal Below 6,000m
Average depth of over 4km
ocean floor
Tri-methylamine N-oxide stabilises proteins
(TMAO) concentration increases in fish tissues with increasing
depth
Order lampreys
Petromyzontiformes
Order Myxiniformes hagfish
Anadromy born in freshwater, migrate to ocean, return to
freshwater to spawn
Catadromy born in the ocean, migrate to freshwater, and return
to the ocean to spawn.
Hagfish blood isotonic to seawater
Premandibular arch lost through evolution
Mandibular arch becomes biting jaws
Mandibular arch upper palatoquadrate cartilage
portion
Mandibular arch lower Meckel's (or mandibular) cartilage
portion
Pharyngeal clefts remain as gill slits
Hyoid arch suspends hyomandibular arch from cranium
1/
7
, 4/27/25, 11:22
AM
Hyoid arch upper part palato-quadrate
Hyoid arch lower part ceratohyal
1st gill slit becomes Spiracle in sharks
Support from autostyles and
Amphistyly hyomandibulararch Acanthodii
and Placodermi
Primitive condition, all from fossil record
Holostyly/Autostyly Palato-quadrate
fused to skull
Dipnoans,
chimaeras,tetrapo
ds
Support from
Hyostyly Hyomandibular arch
alone Most modern
elasmobranchs
Modified form in bony fish
extant elasmobranch 1,279
spp.
extant holocephali spp. 55
CARCHARINHINIFORM cat sharks, hammerhead sharks, requiem sharks
ES
LAMNIFORMES Mackerel sharks (threshers, makos, basking, tigers,
white)
MYLIOBATIFORMES Sting rays, devil rays
RAJIFORMES skates and rays
Class Sarcopterygii lobe-finned fishes
Actinistia coelacanths
Dipnomorpha lungfish
Actinopterygii ray-finned fishes (33, 920 extant spp.)
Subclass Chondrostei sturgeons and paddlefishes
Infraclass Holostei gars and bowfins
Infraclass Teleostei 96% of all living fish (bony fish)
Lower teleost fin rays soft
Higher teleost fin rays may have spiny fin rays
Lower teleost dorsal fin 1 dorsal fin (maybe adipose)
Higher teleost dorsal fin 1 or more dorsal fins
Lower teleost pectoral low (fin base horizontal)
fins
Higher teleost pectoral high (fin base angled towards vertical)
fins
2/
7
