METHODOLOGY
The methodology followed for the current study entitled FORMULATION
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING, NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION,AND QUALITY
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRI BITES FORTIFIED WITH UNDERUTILIZED LEAF
POWDERS is presented under the following sub-headings:
A. Selection and Processing of Ingredients:
B. Formulation and Standardization of Value added Nutri bites
C. Analysis of Value added Nutri bites and Shelf Life Studies
i. Evaluation of Sensory Characteristics of Nutri bites
ii. Nutrient Analysis of Nutri bites
iii. Analysis of Physicochemical Properties and Texture profile of Nutri bites
iv. Qualitative Analysis of Phytochemicals and Antioxidants
v. Shelf Life Study of Nutri bites
vi. cost analysis
D. Statistics analysis and interpretation of data
A. Selection and processing of ingredients:
Beetroot leaves powder are all nutrient-rich superfoods made by drying and grinding their
fresh leaves. They are packed with essential vitamins like A, C, and K, along with minerals
such as iron, calcium, and potassium, which help boost immunity, improve digestion, and
support bone health. Rich in antioxidants and fiber.
Processing of beetroot leaves powder:
The beetroot leaves were carefully collected and selected for their vibrant color, crisp
texture, and overall freshness. Rich in essential nutrients like vitamins A, C, and K, as well as
minerals such as iron, calcium, and potassium, these leaves are a valuable addition to a healthy
diet. The leaves were thoroughly washed to remove dirt, pesticides, and impurities. They were
first rinsed under running water, then soaked in a mild salt or vinegar solution to eliminate
bacteria and chemicals. After a final rinse with fresh water, they were drained and left to air
dry. For drying, the leaves were spread evenly on a clean cloth or tray in a well-ventilated area
with direct sunlight. Covered with a thin cloth to protect them from dust and insects, they were
left to dry for 2 to 4 days, with occasional turning to ensure even drying. The leaves were ready
when they became completely crisp and brittle.
1|Page
, Once dried, the leaves were ground into a fine powder using a grinder or blender. The
powder was then sifted to remove any coarse particles and ensure a smooth texture.Finally, the
beetroot leaf powder was stored in an airtight container, such as a glass jar or food-grade plastic
pouch, to protect it from moisture, light, and air. Proper storage helps maintain its freshness
and nutritional value for up to a year, making it easy to incorporate into various dishes and
beverages.
Processing of beetroot leaves:
B.Spread the leaves on a C. Sun drying
A.Wash the leaves
clean cloth
D. Weighing the dried
E.Grinding into powder
leaves
Moringa leaves powder: Moringa leaves powder is a nutrient-rich superfood made from
the dried leaves of the Moringa oleifera tree. Often referred to as the "miracle tree," moringa is
packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular dietary
supplement worldwide. It is commonly used to boost immunity, improve digestion, and support
overall health.
Processing of moringa leaves powder:
The moringa leaves were carefully collected from my village. Moringa powder is a
powerhouse of essential nutrients, including vitamins A, C, and E, calcium, iron, and protein.
It is rich in antioxidants, which help combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. Regular
consumption of moringa supports immune function, improves digestion, enhances energy
levels, and promotes healthy skin and hair. The leaves are harvested from healthy Moringa
2|Page
,oleifera trees when they are at their peak nutritional content. Harvesting is usually done early
in the morning to prevent excessive moisture loss and retain freshness. Only mature, healthy
leaves are selected, while yellow or damaged leaves are discarded. The collected leaves are
then washed thoroughly using clean, potable water to remove dirt, dust, and any chemical
residues. Some producers use a mild salt or vinegar solution to eliminate bacteria and pests.
After washing, the leaves are drained to remove excess water before drying.
To dry the moringa leaves, they are placed under sunlight after washing and draining.
The leaves are spread evenly on a clean cloth, tray, or mesh surface to ensure proper airflow.
A clean, dry area with direct sunlight and low humidity is chosen for drying. The leaves are
covered with a thin, breathable cloth or net to protect them from dust and insects. Drying takes
approximately 2 to 3 days, depending on sunlight intensity, with occasional turning to ensure
even drying. The leaves are ready when they become completely crisp and brittle to the touch.
Once dried, they are either stored in an airtight container or ground into powder for future use.
Proper sun drying helps retain nutrients and extends shelf life.
Once completely dried, the leaves become brittle and are ready for grinding. The dried
leaves are finely ground using a mechanical grinder or pulverizer to obtain a smooth, fine green
powder. During this stage, the powder is passed through sieves to remove coarse particles and
ensure a uniform texture. The finely ground moringa powder is then packed in airtight
containers, such as food-grade plastic pouches, glass jars, or vacuum-sealed bags. Proper
packaging protects the powder from moisture, light, and air, which can cause nutrient
degradation. The powder should be stored in a cool, dry place to maintain its quality and shelf
life, which typically lasts 6 months to 1 year.
Processing of moringa leaves powder
A.Weighing the fresh C . Sun drying
B. Cleaning and spread
leaves
on plate
3|Page
, E. Grinding into
powder D. Weighing the
dried leaves
3. Spinach leaves powder: The spinach was collected from the market, ensuring its
freshness and quality. We carefully selected the leaves, checking for their vibrant color, crisp
texture, and overall freshness ensuring they were fresh and of high quality.
Processing:
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a nutrient-dense leafy green widely processed into
powder for use in health supplements, smoothies, and food products. The processing of spinach
leaves involves several steps to ensure quality and nutrient retention. Fresh spinach leaves are
harvested when they are tender and at their peak nutritional value. The leaves are handpicked
or mechanically harvested, ensuring minimal damage. They are then transported to processing
units in clean, ventilated containers to maintain freshness. The harvested leaves are sorted to
remove yellow, damaged, or insect-eaten leaves. They are then thoroughly washed in clean,
potable water to remove dirt, pesticides, and other contaminants. Some processors use a mild
salt or vinegar solution for additional microbial safety. Excess water is drained before drying.
Sun drying is a common method where leaves are spread in a thin layer on clean trays under
indirect sunlight. This method is economical but may lead to some nutrient loss. The drying
process typically takes 2 to 4 days, depending on the method used. The leaves are fully dried
when they become brittle and crumble easily. Once dried, the spinach leaves are ground into a
fine powder using grinders or pulverizers. The powder is then sieved to remove larger particles,
ensuring a smooth and uniform texture. The spinach powder is packed in airtight, moisture-
proof containers, such as food-grade plastic bags, glass jars, or vacuum-sealed pouches. Proper
packaging prevents moisture absorption and nutrient degradation. The powder should be stored
in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight, to maintain its freshness and shelf life, which
typically ranges from 6 months to 1 year.
Processing of spinach leaves powder:
4|Page
The methodology followed for the current study entitled FORMULATION
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING, NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION,AND QUALITY
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRI BITES FORTIFIED WITH UNDERUTILIZED LEAF
POWDERS is presented under the following sub-headings:
A. Selection and Processing of Ingredients:
B. Formulation and Standardization of Value added Nutri bites
C. Analysis of Value added Nutri bites and Shelf Life Studies
i. Evaluation of Sensory Characteristics of Nutri bites
ii. Nutrient Analysis of Nutri bites
iii. Analysis of Physicochemical Properties and Texture profile of Nutri bites
iv. Qualitative Analysis of Phytochemicals and Antioxidants
v. Shelf Life Study of Nutri bites
vi. cost analysis
D. Statistics analysis and interpretation of data
A. Selection and processing of ingredients:
Beetroot leaves powder are all nutrient-rich superfoods made by drying and grinding their
fresh leaves. They are packed with essential vitamins like A, C, and K, along with minerals
such as iron, calcium, and potassium, which help boost immunity, improve digestion, and
support bone health. Rich in antioxidants and fiber.
Processing of beetroot leaves powder:
The beetroot leaves were carefully collected and selected for their vibrant color, crisp
texture, and overall freshness. Rich in essential nutrients like vitamins A, C, and K, as well as
minerals such as iron, calcium, and potassium, these leaves are a valuable addition to a healthy
diet. The leaves were thoroughly washed to remove dirt, pesticides, and impurities. They were
first rinsed under running water, then soaked in a mild salt or vinegar solution to eliminate
bacteria and chemicals. After a final rinse with fresh water, they were drained and left to air
dry. For drying, the leaves were spread evenly on a clean cloth or tray in a well-ventilated area
with direct sunlight. Covered with a thin cloth to protect them from dust and insects, they were
left to dry for 2 to 4 days, with occasional turning to ensure even drying. The leaves were ready
when they became completely crisp and brittle.
1|Page
, Once dried, the leaves were ground into a fine powder using a grinder or blender. The
powder was then sifted to remove any coarse particles and ensure a smooth texture.Finally, the
beetroot leaf powder was stored in an airtight container, such as a glass jar or food-grade plastic
pouch, to protect it from moisture, light, and air. Proper storage helps maintain its freshness
and nutritional value for up to a year, making it easy to incorporate into various dishes and
beverages.
Processing of beetroot leaves:
B.Spread the leaves on a C. Sun drying
A.Wash the leaves
clean cloth
D. Weighing the dried
E.Grinding into powder
leaves
Moringa leaves powder: Moringa leaves powder is a nutrient-rich superfood made from
the dried leaves of the Moringa oleifera tree. Often referred to as the "miracle tree," moringa is
packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular dietary
supplement worldwide. It is commonly used to boost immunity, improve digestion, and support
overall health.
Processing of moringa leaves powder:
The moringa leaves were carefully collected from my village. Moringa powder is a
powerhouse of essential nutrients, including vitamins A, C, and E, calcium, iron, and protein.
It is rich in antioxidants, which help combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. Regular
consumption of moringa supports immune function, improves digestion, enhances energy
levels, and promotes healthy skin and hair. The leaves are harvested from healthy Moringa
2|Page
,oleifera trees when they are at their peak nutritional content. Harvesting is usually done early
in the morning to prevent excessive moisture loss and retain freshness. Only mature, healthy
leaves are selected, while yellow or damaged leaves are discarded. The collected leaves are
then washed thoroughly using clean, potable water to remove dirt, dust, and any chemical
residues. Some producers use a mild salt or vinegar solution to eliminate bacteria and pests.
After washing, the leaves are drained to remove excess water before drying.
To dry the moringa leaves, they are placed under sunlight after washing and draining.
The leaves are spread evenly on a clean cloth, tray, or mesh surface to ensure proper airflow.
A clean, dry area with direct sunlight and low humidity is chosen for drying. The leaves are
covered with a thin, breathable cloth or net to protect them from dust and insects. Drying takes
approximately 2 to 3 days, depending on sunlight intensity, with occasional turning to ensure
even drying. The leaves are ready when they become completely crisp and brittle to the touch.
Once dried, they are either stored in an airtight container or ground into powder for future use.
Proper sun drying helps retain nutrients and extends shelf life.
Once completely dried, the leaves become brittle and are ready for grinding. The dried
leaves are finely ground using a mechanical grinder or pulverizer to obtain a smooth, fine green
powder. During this stage, the powder is passed through sieves to remove coarse particles and
ensure a uniform texture. The finely ground moringa powder is then packed in airtight
containers, such as food-grade plastic pouches, glass jars, or vacuum-sealed bags. Proper
packaging protects the powder from moisture, light, and air, which can cause nutrient
degradation. The powder should be stored in a cool, dry place to maintain its quality and shelf
life, which typically lasts 6 months to 1 year.
Processing of moringa leaves powder
A.Weighing the fresh C . Sun drying
B. Cleaning and spread
leaves
on plate
3|Page
, E. Grinding into
powder D. Weighing the
dried leaves
3. Spinach leaves powder: The spinach was collected from the market, ensuring its
freshness and quality. We carefully selected the leaves, checking for their vibrant color, crisp
texture, and overall freshness ensuring they were fresh and of high quality.
Processing:
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a nutrient-dense leafy green widely processed into
powder for use in health supplements, smoothies, and food products. The processing of spinach
leaves involves several steps to ensure quality and nutrient retention. Fresh spinach leaves are
harvested when they are tender and at their peak nutritional value. The leaves are handpicked
or mechanically harvested, ensuring minimal damage. They are then transported to processing
units in clean, ventilated containers to maintain freshness. The harvested leaves are sorted to
remove yellow, damaged, or insect-eaten leaves. They are then thoroughly washed in clean,
potable water to remove dirt, pesticides, and other contaminants. Some processors use a mild
salt or vinegar solution for additional microbial safety. Excess water is drained before drying.
Sun drying is a common method where leaves are spread in a thin layer on clean trays under
indirect sunlight. This method is economical but may lead to some nutrient loss. The drying
process typically takes 2 to 4 days, depending on the method used. The leaves are fully dried
when they become brittle and crumble easily. Once dried, the spinach leaves are ground into a
fine powder using grinders or pulverizers. The powder is then sieved to remove larger particles,
ensuring a smooth and uniform texture. The spinach powder is packed in airtight, moisture-
proof containers, such as food-grade plastic bags, glass jars, or vacuum-sealed pouches. Proper
packaging prevents moisture absorption and nutrient degradation. The powder should be stored
in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight, to maintain its freshness and shelf life, which
typically ranges from 6 months to 1 year.
Processing of spinach leaves powder:
4|Page
