MICR 3050 CUMULATIVE FINAL EXAM
WITH ALL NEEDED TO PASS
Define lmicroorganisms l- lcorrect lanswers l-organisms land lacellular lentities ltoo lsmall
lto lbe lclearly lseen lby lthe lunaided leye
-generally l<1mm lin ldiameter
-often lunicellular
-some lexceptions: lsome lmicrobes lare llarge lor lfound lin lclusters l(mold), llive lin
lclusters l(multicellular)
What lis lthe lBEST lway lto ltell lif lsomething lis la lmicroorganism? l- lcorrect lanswers l-if lit
llacks lhighly ldifferentiated ltissues
We ldon't lsee lhighly ldifferentiated ltissues lin l- lcorrect lanswers l-bacteria, lprotists, letc
Organisms land lbiological lentities lstudied lby lmicrobiologists lcan lbe l- lcorrect lanswers
l-cellular lor lacellular
,cellular lincludes l(4) l- lcorrect lanswers l-fungi
protists
bacteria
archaea
acellular lincludes l(4) l- lcorrect lanswers l-viruses
viroids
satellites
prions
viruses lare lcomposed lof l- lcorrect lanswers l-protein land lnucleic lacid
viroids lcomposed lof l- lcorrect lanswers l-RNA
satellites lcomposed lof l- lcorrect lanswers l-nucleic lacid, loften lRNA
considered la lpartial lvirus
prions lcomposed lof l- lcorrect lanswers l-protein
ex: lmad lcow ldisease
2 ltypes lof lmicrobial lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-prokaryotic land leukaryotic
define lprokaryotic lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-lack la ltrue lmembrane-bound lnucleus
not lan labsolute ldefinition**
example lof lprokaryotic lorganisms l- lcorrect lanswers l-Bacteria land lArchaea
exception lto lprokaryotic ldefinition l- lcorrect lanswers l-some lbacteria lhas la lmembrane
laround lits lDNA
define leukaryotic lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-have la lmembrane-enclosed lnucleus land
lother lmembrane-bound lorganelles
are lmore lcomplex lmorphologically
are lusually llarger lthan lprokaryotic lcells
unique lprokaryotic lcell lcharacteristics l- lcorrect lanswers l-nucleoid l
plasmid l- lnot lcommon lin leukaryotic lcells lbut lfungi lsometimes lhave lplasmids
unique leukaryotic lcell lcharacteristics l- lcorrect lanswers l-nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic lreticulum
golgi
,why ldo leukaryotic lcells lhave lto lbe lmore lcomplex l- lcorrect lanswers l-because lthey
lare lgenerally llarger l- lneed lorganelles
structural lcharacteristics lof lall lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-genetic lmaterial l(DNA)
cytoplasmic lmembrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
4 lproperties lof lall lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-structure l-genetic lmaterial, lcytoplasmic
lmembrane, lcytoplasm, lribosomes
metabolism l- lall lcells luse lDNA lto lmake lRNA lthen lprotein; ltake lup lnutrients land
ltransform lthem lto lenergy, land lexpel lwastes
growth l- lDNA lconverted lto lproteins lto ldo lwork, lproteins lused lto lconvert lnutrients
lfrom lenvironment linto lnew lcells
evolution l- lmutations lin lDNA lcause lnew lcells lto lhave lnew lproperties, lpromoting
levolution
4 lproperties lof lsome lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-differentiation l- lsome lcells lcan lform
lnew lcell lstructures lsuch las la lspore
communication l- lsome lcells linteract lwith leach lother lby lchemical lmessengers l(this
lcan laffect lgene lexpression)
motility l-some lcells lare lcapable lof lself-propulsion l(flagella)
horizontal lgene ltransfer l- lsome lcells lcan lexchange lgenes l(common lin lbacteria, lnot
lin lplants/animals)
cell lsize lranges: lviruses l- lcorrect lanswers l-0.01 lmicrometers l- l1.2 lmicrometers
cell lsize lranges: lbacteria/archaea l- lcorrect lanswers l-0.2 lmicrometers lto l10,000
lmicrometers
cell lsize lranges: leukarya l- lcorrect lanswers l-0.8 lmicrometers l- lmillions lof
lmicrometers
smaller lcell l= llarger... l- lcorrect lanswers l-suface larea lto lvolume lratio
smaller lcells lcan l- lcorrect lanswers l--bring lin lnutrients lfaster l-> lcan lgrow lfaster
l(increase lin lnumber)
-can lmutate lfaster l-> ladapt lfaster
mycoplasma llack l- lcorrect lanswers l-cell lwall
2 lmost lcommon lcell lshapes lof lprokaryotes l- lcorrect lanswers l-cocci land lbacilli**
l(rods)
cell larrangement lis ldetermined lby l- lcorrect lanswers l-plane lof ldivision land ldegree lof
lseparation lafter ldivision
, default lshape lof lbacteria l- lcorrect lanswers l-cocci
cocci l- lcorrect lanswers l-spheres
diplococci l- lcorrect lanswers l-2 lspheres l(pairs)
-didn't lfully ldivide lduring lbinary lfission
Streptococci l- lcorrect lanswers l-chains lof lcocci
staphylococci l- lcorrect lanswers l-grape-like lcluster
tetrads l- lcorrect lanswers l-4 lcocci lin la lsquare
sarcinae l- lcorrect lanswers l-cubic lconfiguration lof l8 lcocci l(can lbe l8, l16, lor l32)
bacilli l- lcorrect lanswers l-rods
cocobacilli l- lcorrect lanswers l-very lshort lrods
vibrios l- lcorrect lanswers l-resemble lrods, lcomma lshaped
usually lhave l1 lflagella, lnot las lrigid las lspirilla
spirilla l(spirillum) l- lcorrect lanswers l-rigid lhelices
1-2 lcurves
spirochetes l- lcorrect lanswers l-flexible lhelices
many lcurves
filamentous l- lcorrect lanswers l-myecelium l(network lof llong lmulticellular lfilaments)
pleomorphic l- lcorrect lanswers l-variable lin lshape l(especially lif llacking la lcell lwall)
unique larrangement lof lrods l(bacilli) l- lcorrect lanswers l-palisades l- l"picket lfence" lor
l"Chinese lletters
unique lcell lshape l- lcorrect lanswers l-star
mycetes l- lcorrect lanswers l-bacteria lthat lgrow llike lfungus
minimum lcell lsize lfor leukaryotes l- lcorrect lanswers l-0.8 lmicrometers
WITH ALL NEEDED TO PASS
Define lmicroorganisms l- lcorrect lanswers l-organisms land lacellular lentities ltoo lsmall
lto lbe lclearly lseen lby lthe lunaided leye
-generally l<1mm lin ldiameter
-often lunicellular
-some lexceptions: lsome lmicrobes lare llarge lor lfound lin lclusters l(mold), llive lin
lclusters l(multicellular)
What lis lthe lBEST lway lto ltell lif lsomething lis la lmicroorganism? l- lcorrect lanswers l-if lit
llacks lhighly ldifferentiated ltissues
We ldon't lsee lhighly ldifferentiated ltissues lin l- lcorrect lanswers l-bacteria, lprotists, letc
Organisms land lbiological lentities lstudied lby lmicrobiologists lcan lbe l- lcorrect lanswers
l-cellular lor lacellular
,cellular lincludes l(4) l- lcorrect lanswers l-fungi
protists
bacteria
archaea
acellular lincludes l(4) l- lcorrect lanswers l-viruses
viroids
satellites
prions
viruses lare lcomposed lof l- lcorrect lanswers l-protein land lnucleic lacid
viroids lcomposed lof l- lcorrect lanswers l-RNA
satellites lcomposed lof l- lcorrect lanswers l-nucleic lacid, loften lRNA
considered la lpartial lvirus
prions lcomposed lof l- lcorrect lanswers l-protein
ex: lmad lcow ldisease
2 ltypes lof lmicrobial lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-prokaryotic land leukaryotic
define lprokaryotic lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-lack la ltrue lmembrane-bound lnucleus
not lan labsolute ldefinition**
example lof lprokaryotic lorganisms l- lcorrect lanswers l-Bacteria land lArchaea
exception lto lprokaryotic ldefinition l- lcorrect lanswers l-some lbacteria lhas la lmembrane
laround lits lDNA
define leukaryotic lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-have la lmembrane-enclosed lnucleus land
lother lmembrane-bound lorganelles
are lmore lcomplex lmorphologically
are lusually llarger lthan lprokaryotic lcells
unique lprokaryotic lcell lcharacteristics l- lcorrect lanswers l-nucleoid l
plasmid l- lnot lcommon lin leukaryotic lcells lbut lfungi lsometimes lhave lplasmids
unique leukaryotic lcell lcharacteristics l- lcorrect lanswers l-nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic lreticulum
golgi
,why ldo leukaryotic lcells lhave lto lbe lmore lcomplex l- lcorrect lanswers l-because lthey
lare lgenerally llarger l- lneed lorganelles
structural lcharacteristics lof lall lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-genetic lmaterial l(DNA)
cytoplasmic lmembrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
4 lproperties lof lall lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-structure l-genetic lmaterial, lcytoplasmic
lmembrane, lcytoplasm, lribosomes
metabolism l- lall lcells luse lDNA lto lmake lRNA lthen lprotein; ltake lup lnutrients land
ltransform lthem lto lenergy, land lexpel lwastes
growth l- lDNA lconverted lto lproteins lto ldo lwork, lproteins lused lto lconvert lnutrients
lfrom lenvironment linto lnew lcells
evolution l- lmutations lin lDNA lcause lnew lcells lto lhave lnew lproperties, lpromoting
levolution
4 lproperties lof lsome lcells l- lcorrect lanswers l-differentiation l- lsome lcells lcan lform
lnew lcell lstructures lsuch las la lspore
communication l- lsome lcells linteract lwith leach lother lby lchemical lmessengers l(this
lcan laffect lgene lexpression)
motility l-some lcells lare lcapable lof lself-propulsion l(flagella)
horizontal lgene ltransfer l- lsome lcells lcan lexchange lgenes l(common lin lbacteria, lnot
lin lplants/animals)
cell lsize lranges: lviruses l- lcorrect lanswers l-0.01 lmicrometers l- l1.2 lmicrometers
cell lsize lranges: lbacteria/archaea l- lcorrect lanswers l-0.2 lmicrometers lto l10,000
lmicrometers
cell lsize lranges: leukarya l- lcorrect lanswers l-0.8 lmicrometers l- lmillions lof
lmicrometers
smaller lcell l= llarger... l- lcorrect lanswers l-suface larea lto lvolume lratio
smaller lcells lcan l- lcorrect lanswers l--bring lin lnutrients lfaster l-> lcan lgrow lfaster
l(increase lin lnumber)
-can lmutate lfaster l-> ladapt lfaster
mycoplasma llack l- lcorrect lanswers l-cell lwall
2 lmost lcommon lcell lshapes lof lprokaryotes l- lcorrect lanswers l-cocci land lbacilli**
l(rods)
cell larrangement lis ldetermined lby l- lcorrect lanswers l-plane lof ldivision land ldegree lof
lseparation lafter ldivision
, default lshape lof lbacteria l- lcorrect lanswers l-cocci
cocci l- lcorrect lanswers l-spheres
diplococci l- lcorrect lanswers l-2 lspheres l(pairs)
-didn't lfully ldivide lduring lbinary lfission
Streptococci l- lcorrect lanswers l-chains lof lcocci
staphylococci l- lcorrect lanswers l-grape-like lcluster
tetrads l- lcorrect lanswers l-4 lcocci lin la lsquare
sarcinae l- lcorrect lanswers l-cubic lconfiguration lof l8 lcocci l(can lbe l8, l16, lor l32)
bacilli l- lcorrect lanswers l-rods
cocobacilli l- lcorrect lanswers l-very lshort lrods
vibrios l- lcorrect lanswers l-resemble lrods, lcomma lshaped
usually lhave l1 lflagella, lnot las lrigid las lspirilla
spirilla l(spirillum) l- lcorrect lanswers l-rigid lhelices
1-2 lcurves
spirochetes l- lcorrect lanswers l-flexible lhelices
many lcurves
filamentous l- lcorrect lanswers l-myecelium l(network lof llong lmulticellular lfilaments)
pleomorphic l- lcorrect lanswers l-variable lin lshape l(especially lif llacking la lcell lwall)
unique larrangement lof lrods l(bacilli) l- lcorrect lanswers l-palisades l- l"picket lfence" lor
l"Chinese lletters
unique lcell lshape l- lcorrect lanswers l-star
mycetes l- lcorrect lanswers l-bacteria lthat lgrow llike lfungus
minimum lcell lsize lfor leukaryotes l- lcorrect lanswers l-0.8 lmicrometers
